Sani banaw ka bana miliyari 3 ɲɔgɔn walima ka tɛmɛ o kan halaki, o jiri in ye dɛmɛ don ka Ameriki jamana jɔ min ye izini yiriwa. Walisa k’u ka nɔɔrɔ tununnen lasegin, n’a sɔrɔ an ka kan ka danfɛnw minɛ ani k’u labɛn.
Waati dɔ la san 1989, Herbert Darling ye weleli sɔrɔ: Kungokɔnɔfɛnw ɲininikɛla dɔ y’a fɔ a ye ko a ye Ameriki ka jiri jan dɔ sɔrɔ Darling ka yɔrɔ la Zor gun kan, Niyɔriki tilebin fɛ. Darling tun b’a dɔn ko fɔlɔfɔlɔ, jirisunw tun ye jiri nafama dɔ ye o yɔrɔ la. A tun b’a dɔn fana ko ɲɛgɛn fagalen dɔ tun bɛ ɲini ka o suguya halaki ka tɛmɛ san kɛmɛ ni tila kan. A ye sogo ɲininikɛla ka kunnafoni mɛn tuma min na ko a ye shɔ ɲɛnama dɔ ye, shɔ in jiribolo janya tun ye mɛtɛrɛ fila ye, a sera boon sanfɛla duuru ma, a ye sigasiga o la. Darling ko: “Ne dalen t’a la ko ne dalen b’a la ko a b’a dɔn o ye min ye.
Darling ye jiri in sɔrɔ tuma min na, a kɛra i n’a fɔ a bɛ nsiirin dɔ lajɛ. A ko: “A tun tilennen don ani a tun dafalen don kosɛbɛ ka misali dɔ dilan-a tun ka di kosɛbɛ.” Nka Darling fana y’a ye ko jiri in bɛ ka sa. Kabini san 1900 daminɛ na, o bana kelen in de y’a minɛ, min jatera ko a ye mɔgɔ miliyari 3 walima ka tɛmɛ o kan faga o bana suguw fɛ. Nin ye bana fɔlɔ ye min bɛ sɔrɔ hadamadenw fɛ, min bɛ jiriw tiɲɛ kosɛbɛ bi tariku kɔnɔ. Darling y’a miiri ko n’a ma se k’o jiri in kisi, a bɛna a kisɛw kisi a dɔgɔyalenba la. Gɛlɛya kelen de bɛ yen : jiri in tɛ foyi kɛ bawo shɔ wɛrɛ tɛ a kɛrɛfɛ min bɛ se k’a tulu bɔ.
Darling ye injiniyɛri ye min bɛ baara kɛ ni ɛntɛrinɛti injiniyɛri ka fɛɛrɛw ye walasa ka gɛlɛyaw ɲɛnabɔ. Zuwɛnkalo o kɔfɛ, tuma min na falenfɛn jɛman jɛmanw jɛnsɛnna jiri in kan, Darling ye marifakisɛw fa ni marifamugu ye, o min bɔra a ye kasɛti jiri wɛrɛ cɛmanw na, a ye min kalan, ka bolifɛn ta ka taa worodugu fɛ. O ye lɛri kelen ni tila kɛ. A ye jiri in ci ka bɔ ɛlikopɛri jate la. (A bɛ so jɔli baarakɛyɔrɔ dɔ ɲɛminɛ min ye ɲɛtaa sɔrɔ, min bɛ se ka fɛn caman kɛ.) O cɛsiri ma ɲɛ. O san in na, Darling y’a ɲini tugun. Nin sen in na, ale n’a denkɛ ye sɛgɛnlafiɲɛbɔlan sama ka taa nɛgɛso la kulu sanfɛ, ka plateforme dɔ jɔ min janya ye mɛtɛrɛ 80 ye dɔgɔkun fila ni kɔ kɔnɔ. N kanulen wulila ka wuli jirisunba kan ka falenfɛnw ko ni jirisunw ye minnu bɛ i n’a fɔ kɔnɔsogoninw, minnu bɛ kɛ kasɛti jiri wɛrɛ kan.
O bin in na, Darling ka jiri bolow ye bɔgɔdaga dɔw Bɔ minnu datugulen dòn ni ŋaniya jɛmanw ye. O ŋaniw tun ka bon ani u tun ka nɔgɔ fo u tun bɛ se ka fili ka kɛ cactus ye. Suman tigɛ man ca, nɔnɔ 100 ɲɔgɔn bɛ yen, nka Darling ye dɔw turu ka jigiya pinɛ. Ale n’a terikɛ dɔ fana ye ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ ni Charles Maynard ni William Powell ye, olu minnu ye jiriw jamu dɔnbaga fila ye, minnu bɛ New York State University of Environmental Science and Forestry School la, Syracuse (Chuck ni Bill sara). Kɔsa in na, u ye sɛnɛfɛnw ɲinini baara dɔ daminɛ yen min musaka ka dɔgɔ. Darling ye shɔ dɔw di u ma, ka dɔnnikɛlaw ɲininka n’u bɛ se ka baara kɛ n’u ye walasa k’u lasegin. Darling ko: “A bɛ iko nin ye koba ye.” “Etazuni kɔrɔnyanfan bɛɛ.” Nka, san damadɔw o kɔfɛ, a yɛrɛ ka jiri sara.
Kabini Erɔpukaw y’a daminɛ ka sigi Ameriki Woroduguyanfan na, maana min bɛ farafinna kungow kan, o kɛra bɔnɛba ye. Nka, Darling ka laɲini in jatera sisan mɔgɔ caman fɛ ko a ye sababu ye min bɛ layidu ta kosɛbɛ walasa ka maana in lajɛcogo daminɛ – ɲinan san daminɛ na, Templeton World Charity Foundation ye Maynard ni Powell ka The project bila The project ye a ka tariku fanba di, wa o cɛsiri in sera ka baara fitinin dɔ tiɲɛ, min musaka ka ca ni miliyɔn 3 ye. O tun ye nilifɛn kelen ye min ka bon ni nilifɛn kelen ye min ma deli ka di inivɛrisite ma. Jɛnkulu dɔnnikɛlaw ka ɲininiw bɛ sigida lakanabagaw wajibiya u ka jigiya in kunbɛn cogo kura la, min tɛ mɔgɔ lafiya tuma dɔw la, ko ka diɲɛ dacogo dilan, o kɔrɔ tɛ ka segin Edɛn nakɔ la min ma tiɲɛ. Nka, a bɛ se ka kɛ ko an ye jɔyɔrɔ min ta, an k’o minɛ: fɛn bɛɛ ka ɛntɛrinɛti injiniyɛri, hali fɛnɲɛnamaw.
Kasɛti buluw janya ni ɲinw bɛ u la, wa u bɛ i n’a fɔ jirisun misɛnnin fila minnu ɲɛ ye bulama ye minnu sirilen bɛ kɔ ni kɔ ni furabulu cɛmancɛ joli ye. A dakun kelen na, furabulu fla bɛ Jὲ ni jiribolo dɔ ye. A dakun tɔ kelen na, u bɛ kɛ kuncɛ nɛrɛmuguma ye, min ka teli ka kɔrɔta kɛrɛ fɛ. O cogoya min tun ma deli ka kɛ, o bɛ kungo kɔnɔ, jirisunw ni cɛncɛnw cɛma, wa, taamakɛlaw ka sugo kabakoma ye mɔgɔw hakili lawuli, k’u hakili jigin u ka taama na kungo kɔnɔ, jiri barikama caman tun bɛ yɔrɔ min na fɔlɔ.
Sɛbɛnw ni hakilijagabɔ dɔrɔn de fɛ an bɛ se ka o jiri ninnu faamuya kosɛbɛ. Lucille Griffin, n’o ye Ameriki Chestnut Collaborator Foundation ɲɛmɔgɔba ye, o y’a sɛbɛn siɲɛ kelen ko yen i bɛna ʃɛw ye minnu nafa ka bon fo kaban, jiri in falenfɛnw bɛ kɛ kreman ye, minnu bɛ kɛ jiri ye “i n’a fɔ The foamy waves rolled down the hillside”, o bɛ na ni bɛnbakɛ hakilijiginw ye. Sɔgɔmada fɛ, jiri bɛna pɛrɛn tugun, nin sen in na, ni bɔgɔmugu sɔgɔlenw ye minnu bɛ dumuni duman datugu. Thoreau ɲɛnama dɔ y’a sɛbɛn “Walden” kɔnɔ ko: “Ni shɔw mɔna, ne tun bɛ busi tilancɛ dalajɛ nɛnɛ waati.” “O waati la, a tun ka di kosɛbɛ ka yaala-yaala kasɛti kungo kɔnɔ min tɛ ban Lincoln dugu kɔnɔ o waati la.”
Kasɛtiw bɛ se ka da u kan kosɛbɛ. Okɛ jiriw tɛ i n’a fɔ jirisunw minnu bɛ akɔri dɔrɔn de Dòn san damadɔ kɔnɔ, jirisunw bɛ nɔnɔ sɛnɛfɛn caman Bɔ tilebin o tilebin. Kasɛtiw fana toli ka nɔgɔn: aw bɛ se k’u bɔ ka a kɛnɛ dun. (Aw bɛ a ɲini ka baara kɛ ni akɔri ye minnu falen don tanin na-walima aw kana o kɛ.) Bɛɛ bɛ shɔ dun: saga, wulu, ursi, kɔnɔ, hadamaden. Sɛnɛkɛlaw b’u ka donsokɛw bila ka tulu sɔrɔ kungo kɔnɔ. Nowɛli waati la, tɛrɛn minnu tun falen bɛ shɔw la, olu tun bɛ wuli ka bɔ kuluw la ka taa dugu kɔnɔ. Ɔwɔ, tiɲɛ na, u jenina tasuma fɛ. William L. Bray, min ye Maynard ni Powell ye baara kɛ lakɔli min na kɔfɛ, o lakɔli ɲɛmɔgɔ fɔlɔ y’a fɔ ko: “A fɔra ko yɔrɔ dɔw la, sɛnɛkɛlaw bɛ sɔrɔ caman sɔrɔ shɔ feereli la ka tɛmɛ sɛnɛfɛn tɔw bɛɛ kan.” A sɛbɛnna san 1915. O ye jamanadenw ka jiri ye, a fanba bɛ falen kungo kɔnɔ.
A tɛ dumuni dɔrɔn de di fana. Kasɛti jiriw bɛ se ka wuli ka se mɛtɛrɛ 120 ma, wa sen 50 fɔlɔw tɛ tiɲɛ ni bolow walima kurukuruw ye. Nin ye yiritigɛlaw ka sugo ye. Hali n’a tɛ jiri ye min cɛ ka ɲi kosɛbɛ, wa a barika ka bon fana, a bɛ falen joona kosɛbɛ, kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenya la n’a bɛ falen kokura tigɛlen kɔfɛ, wa a tɛ toli. Ikomi nɛgɛso sirilanw ni telefɔni berew ka muɲuli tɛmɛna cɛɲi kan, Chestnut ye dɛmɛ don ka Ameriki jamana jɔ min yiriwara iziniw kɔnɔ. Bɔgɔdaga, kabini ani egilisi ba caman minnu dilannen don ni shɔ ye, olu jɔlen bɛ hali bi; sɛbɛnnikɛla dɔ y’a jateminɛ san 1915 ko nin ye jiri suguya ye min tigɛlen don kosɛbɛ Ameriki.
Kɔrɔn fanba la-jiriw bɛ daminɛ Misisipi ka taa Maine, ani ka bɔ Atlantiki kɔgɔjida la ka taa Misisipi baji la-kɛsi fana ye o dɔ ye. Nka Appalachians jamana na, o tun ye jiri belebeleba ye. Kasɛti miliyari caman bɛ balo o kuluw kan.
A bɛnnen don ko Fusarium wilt bɔra fɔlɔ New York, o min ye Amerikiden caman ka da ye. San 1904, banakisɛ kabakoma dɔ sɔrɔla Bronx baganmarayɔrɔ la, jirisunba dɔ min tun bɛ farati la. Ɲininikalaw y’a dɔn joona ko ɲɛgɛn min ye banakisɛw ka bɔgɔbɔgɔli bila mɔgɔ la (o kɔfɛ, a bɛ wele ko Cryphonectria parasitica) o sera Zapɔn jiriw ma minnu bɛ na jamana wɛrɛw la kabini san 1876. (A ka c’a la, waati bɛ tɛmɛn jiri suguya dɔ donni ni gɛlɛya jɛlenw sɔrɔli cɛ.)
Sɔɔni, jamana caman mɔgɔw y’a fɔ ko jiriw bɛ ka sa. San 1906, William A. Murrill, n’o ye misiko dɔnbaga ye New York Botanical Garden la, ale ye dɔnniya barokun fɔlɔ bɔ bana in kan. Muriɛl y’a jira ko nin ɲɛgɛn in bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka kurukuru jɛman-bulu jɛman dɔ bila sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ jiri la, o bɛ laban ka a saniya a jiribolo lamini na. Ni balofɛnw ni ji tɛ se ka woyo sanfɛ ka jigin tugun jirisunba minɛnw kɔnɔ jirisun jukɔrɔ, fɛn o fɛn bɛ saya bololanɛgɛ sanfɛ, o bɛɛ bɛ sa.
Mɔgɔ dɔw tɛ se ka miiri-walima u t’a fɛ mɔgɔ wɛrɛw ka miiri-jiri min bɛ tunun kungo kɔnɔ. San 1911, Sober Paragon Chestnut Farm, denmisɛnninw ka lakɔliso dɔ min bɛ Pennsylvanie, o tun dalen b’a la ko bana in “ka tɛmɛ siran dɔrɔn kan.” Kunnafonidila minnu tɛ kunkanbaaraw kɛ, olu ka ɲɛnamaya kuntaalajan. Foro in datugulen don san 1913. A san fila ye nin ye, Pennsylvanie ye jɛkulu dɔ wele min bɛ wele ko ʃɛmara bana, min yamaruyara ka musaka kɛ Ameriki dɔrɔmɛ 275.000 (wariba ye o waati la), ka fanga pake dɔ laseli walasa ka fɛɛrɛw tigɛ walasa ka o dimi kɛlɛ, o la, jo min bɛ jiriw tiɲɛni na mɔgɔ kelen-kelen ka nafolo kan. Banakɔtaa dɔnbagaw b’a fɔ ko aw ka jiriw bɛɛ bɔ banakisɛba ɲɛfɛla la kilomɛtɛrɛ damadɔ kɔnɔ walasa ka tasuma kunbɛncogo dɔ lase. Nka a y’a Sɔrɔ nin ntumu in bɛ Se ka pan ka Taa jiriw la minnu ma bana Sɔrɔ, wa a sporow bɛ Ban fiɲɛ, kɔnɔw, fɛnɲɛnamaw ani mɔgɔw fɛ. O labɛn in bilala.
San 1940 waati la, a bɛ se ka fɔ ko sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ belebele si ma sɔrɔ. Bi, dɔrɔmɛ miliyari caman nafa tununna. Ikomi fusarium jalen tɛ se ka balo dugukolo kɔnɔ, o la, shɔ ju bɛ to ka falen, wa u miliyɔn 400 ni kɔ bɛ to kungo kɔnɔ hali bi. Nka Fusarium wilt ye jidagayɔrɔ dɔ Sɔrɔ okɛ jiri la a sigilen bɛ yɔrɔ min na k’a sɔrɔ a ma tiɲɛniba Kɛ a jatigi la. Ka Bɔ yen, a bɛ Yɛlɛma joona ka Taa 'sèn kura la k'u Kùnbiri-kùnbiri duguma, a ka c'a la, a bɛ mɛn sani u ka Se u falen waati ma.
Yirifeerelaw ye fɛɛrɛ wɛrɛw sɔrɔ: jirisunba, pinin, noye ani bɔgɔmugu. Tanning, n’o ye baara belebele wɛrɛ ye min bɛ a jigi da shɔ jiriw kan, o jiginna ka kɛ farikolojidɛsɛ furaw ye minnu dilannen don. Sɛnɛkɛla faantan caman bolo, foyi tɛ yen ka fɛn caman Changer: jiri wɛrɛ si tɛ yen min bɛ sɛnɛkɛlaw n’u ka baganw dɛmɛ ka kalori ni farikolojɔli dumuniw di u ma fu, u bɛ se ka da u kan ani u ka ca. A bɛ se k’a fɔ ko sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ bɛ Appalachians ka yɛrɛdɔn sɛnɛ kɛcogo dɔ ban, ka o yɔrɔ mɔgɔw wajibiya ka sugandili jɛlen kɛ: ka taa kɔɔrisɛnɛ na walima ka taa yɔrɔ wɛrɛ. Tariku dɔnbaga Donald Davis y’a sɛbɛn san 2005 la ko: “Ka da sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛw ka saya kan, diɲɛ bɛɛ sara, o ye ɲɛnamaya laada bɔ yen, laada minnu tun bɛ Appalachian kuluw la kabini san kɛmɛ naani ni kɔ.”
Powell lamɔna yɔrɔ jan Appalachians ni chestnuts la. A fa ye baara kɛ Air Force la ani a taara a ka denbaya kɔnɔ: Indiana, Floride, Alimanjamana ani Maryland kɔrɔnfɛla kɔgɔjida la. Hali n’a ye a ka baara kɛ Niyɔriki, a ka jɛmukanw ye cɛmancɛ-Tilebinyanfan ka kuma jɛlenw mara ani Saheli ka ɲɛmajɔbaliya nɔgɔlen nka min bɛ se ka ye. A ka kɛwale nɔgɔmanw n’a ka finidoncogo nɔgɔman bɛ ɲɔgɔn dafa, a bɛ jinɛw jira minnu bɛ i n’a fɔ a tɛ ban ka finiw tigɛli kɛ. A ka daɲɛ-fɔcogo min ka di a ye kosɛbɛ o ye “wow” ye.
Powell b’a fɛ ka kɛ baganw ka dɔgɔtɔrɔ ye fo ka se jamu karamɔgɔ dɔ ka layidu ta a ye ko a bɛna sɛnɛ kura, min falen bɛ jiriw la, n’o sinsinnen bɛ jiriw kan, minnu bɛ se k’a yɛrɛ ka fɛnɲɛnamaw ni banaw kunbɛnni sekow dilan. “Ne y’a miiri, wow, a man ɲi ka jiriw dilan minnu bɛ se k’i yɛrɛ tanga fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw ma, wa i man kan ka fɛnɲɛnamafagalan si fiyɛ u la wa?” Powell y’o fɔ. “Tiɲɛ don, diɲɛ tɔ tɛ tugu o hakilina kelen kɔ.”
Powell sera Utah Etazini ka Iniwɛrisite ka kalanso la san 1983, a ma o tɔɔrɔ. Nka, a kɛra cogo o cogo, a donna ɲɛnamayako dɔnbaga dɔ ka laboratuwari la, wa a tun bɛ baara kɛ banakisɛ dɔ kan min bɛ se ka blight fungus fanga dɔgɔya. U ka cɛsiriw ka baara kɛ ni nin banakisɛ in ye, o ma taa ɲɛ kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenya la: a ma jɛnsɛn ka bɔ jiri la ka taa jiri wɛrɛ la a yɛrɛ ma, o de la a tun ka kan ka kɛ ka kɛɲɛ ni ɲɛgɛn suguya tan ni caman ye. O bɛɛ n’a ta, Powell ɲɛnajɛra ni jiriba dɔ binna maana ye, wa a ye dɔnniya fura di hadamadenw ka fili juguw kɛli ma. A ko: “K’a sababu kɛ an ka fɛnw maracogo jugu ye minnu bɛ taa diɲɛ fan bɛɛ la, an ye banakisɛw don jamana kɔnɔ bala la.” "Ne y'a miiri ko: Wow, nin ye ko duman ye, sababu bɛ yen ka na n'a ye kokura."
Powell ma kɛ a ɲinini fɔlɔ ye ka bɔnɛw bɔ yen. A jɛlen kɔfɛ ko Ameriki ka shɔw bɛna dɛsɛ, USDA y’a ɲini ka Sinuwaw ka shɔ jiriw turu, n’o ye a balimakɛ denkɛ ye min bɛ se ka ja, walasa k’a faamu ni nin suguya in bɛ se ka Ameriki sɛnɛfɛnw nɔnabila. Nka, shɔw bɛ falen kɛnɛma kosɛbɛ, wa u bɛ i n’a fɔ jiridenjiriw ka tɛmɛ jiridenjiriw kan. U tun ye dwarfed ye kungo kɔnɔ oak jiriw ni Ameriki jamana belebele wɛrɛw fɛ. U ka bonya bɛ bali, walima u bɛ sa dɔrɔn. Dɔnniyakɛlaw fana y’a ɲini ka Ameriki ni Sinuwa jamanaw ka shɔw lamɔ ɲɔgɔn fɛ, k’u jigi da jiri dɔ la min bɛ ni u fila bɛɛ jogo ɲumanw ye. Gofɛrɛnaman ka cɛsiriw ma ɲɛ, wa u bilala.
Powell labanna ka baara kɛ New York State University of Environmental Science and Forestry lakɔliso la, a ye Chuck Maynard sɔrɔ yen, min ye jamu dɔnbaga ye min ye jiriw turu laboratuwari kɔnɔ. A san damadɔw dɔrɔn de filɛ nin ye, dɔnnikɛlaw ye jiriw farikolo yɔrɔ fɔlɔ dɔ da min jiginna u ka jamu la, o ye jamu dɔ fara a kan min bɛ banakisɛfagalanw kɛlɛli di sigarɛti ma walasa ka fɛɛrɛ jiracogo jira sanni ka kɛ jago siratigɛ la. Maynard (Maynard) y’a daminɛ ka a yɛrɛ bila fɛɛrɛ kuraw la, k’a sɔrɔ a bɛ fɛɛrɛ nafamaw ɲini minnu bɛ tali kɛ o la. O waati la, Darling tun bɛ ni kisɛ dɔw ye ani gɛlɛya dɔ: Ameriki ka shɔ dilan.
San ba caman kɔnɔ, laadala jiriw ladoncogo la, sɛnɛkɛlaw (ani dɔnnikɛla kɔsa in na) ye suguyaw tigɛtigɛ ni jogo ɲininenw ye. O kɔfɛ, jamu bɛ ɲagami ɲɔgɔn na u yɛrɛ la, wa mɔgɔw bɛ ɲagami layidu talenw sugandi walasa ka jogo ɲumanba sɔrɔ-jiridenw walima banaw kɛlɛli ka bon, minnu ka di. A ka c’a la, a bɛ bɔnsɔn damadɔw ta walasa ka fɛn dɔ dilan. O wale in bɛ Kɛ dɔɔnin dɔɔnin, wa a bɛ mɔgɔ hakili ɲagami dɔɔnin. Darling y’a yɛrɛ ɲininka n’o fɛɛrɛ in bɛna jiri dɔ Bɔ min ka ɲi i n’a fɔ a ka kungo-kɔnɔ-fɛnw. A y’a fɔ n ye ko: “Ne hakili la, an bɛ se ka baara kɛ ka ɲɛ.”
Jɛnkulu sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɔrɔ ye ka kɔrɔsiliba kɛ: hali ni jamu kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen dɔ bɔra fɛnɲɛnama suguya dɔ la min ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ tɛ, a bɛ se ka sugandi kun kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen dɔ kama ka don fɛnɲɛnama wɛrɛ ka jamu kɔnɔ. (Fɛnɲɛnama minnu ka jamu bɛ bɔ suguya wɛrɛw la, olu ‘chalilen don u ka jamu la. Powell dalen b’a la ko a bɛ iko nin bɛnnen don kosɛbɛ Ameriki shɔw ma, a bɛ minnu wele ko “jiri dafalenw bɛ se ka kɛ”-barika ka bon, u janya ka bon, ani u ka dumuni sɔrɔyɔrɔ ka ca, o bɛ ladilanni kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen dɔrɔn de wajibiya: banakisɛw ka bɔgɔbɔgɔli kɛlɛli.
Dear sɔnna a ma. A ko: “An ka kan ka kɛ ni ɛntɛrinɛti injiniyɛriw ye an ka jago la.” “K’a ta jɔli la ka taa a bila jɔli la nin ye otomatiki sugu dɔ dɔrɔn de ye.”
Powell ni Maynard y’a jateminɛ ko a bɛ se ka san tan ta walasa ka jamu sɔrɔ minnu bɛ se ka farikolo tanga, ka fɛɛrɛ dɔw labɛn walasa k’u fara shɔ jamu kan, ka tila k’u falen. Powell ko: “An bɛ ka jateminɛ kɛ dɔrɔn. "Jɛnkulu si tɛ mɔgɔ si fɛ min bɛ ɲɛgɛnw kɛlɛ. Tiɲɛ na, an y'a daminɛ yɔrɔ lankolon na."
Darling ye dɛmɛ ɲini Ameriki Chestnut Foundation fɛ, o ye tɔn ye min tɛ tɔnɔ ɲini, n’a sigira senkan san 1980 daminɛ na. A ɲɛmɔgɔ y’a fɔ a ye ko a tununna kosɛbɛ. U cɛsirilen don ɲɔgɔndan na, wa u bɛ to k’u ɲɛmajɔ jamu sɛnɛcogo la, o min ye sigida lakanabagaw ka kɛlɛ lawuli. O de kama, Darling y’a yɛrɛ ka tɔn dɔ da min tɛ tɔnɔ ɲini walasa ka wari di jamu baara ma. Powell y’a fɔ ko jɛkulu ye sɛki fɔlɔ sɛbɛn Maynard ni Powell ma ni dɔrɔmɛ 30 000 ye. (San 1990, jamana jɛkulu ye fɛn dɔw sɛmɛntiya ani ka sɔn Darling ka danfarajɛkulu ma k’a kɛ a ka jamana bolofara fɔlɔ ye, nka a kɔnɔmɔgɔ dɔw tun bɛ sigasiga hali bi walima u tun bɛ juguya pewu jamu sɛgɛsɛgɛli la.)
Maynard ni Powell bɛ baara la. A bɛ se ka fɔ ko o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ la, u ka waati bolodacogo jateminɛlen kɛra ko ye min tɛ se ka kɛ. Gɛlɛya fɔlɔ ye ka sɛnɛfɛnw sɛnɛcogo jateminɛ laboratuwari kɔnɔ. Maynard y’a ɲini ka shɔ buluw ni bonya hormone ɲagami plastiki petri minɛn bulama dɔ kɔnɔ min man dun, o ye fɛɛrɛ ye min bɛ kɛ ka pɔmutɛriw falen. A y’a sɔrɔ ko o tɛ tiɲɛ ye. Jiri kura tɛna jirisunw ni jirisunw falen ka bɔ selilɛri kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw na. Maynard ko: “Ne ye diɲɛ ɲɛmɔgɔ ye kasɛti jiriw fagali la.” Ɲininikalan dɔ min bɛ Georgie Iniwɛrisite la, n’o ye Scott Merkle (Scott Merkle) labanna ka Maynard kalan a bɛ se ka bɔ cogo min na ka bɔ tulumugu la ka taa Plant chestnuts nataw la denw na u yiriwali waati la.
Ka jɛnɛya ɲuman sɔrɔ-Powell ka baara-o fana kɛra gɛlɛya ye. A ye san damadɔ kɛ ka sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛ banakisɛfagalan dɔ kan min sinsinnen bɛ wuluw ka jamu kan, nka a y’o fura in dabila k’a sababu kɛ hami ye ko jamanadenw tɛna sɔn jiriw ma minnu bɛ ni wuluw ye. A ye jɛnɛya dɔ fana ɲini min bɛ banakisɛw ka bɔgɔbɔgɔli kɛlɛ sɛnɛfɛnw na, nka a y’a ye ko jiri lakanani bɛ jamu caman de wajibiya (u ye wɔɔrɔ jira a dɔgɔyalenba la). O kɔfɛ, san 1997, a baarakɛɲɔgɔn dɔ seginna ka bɔ dɔnniya lajɛ dɔ la, ka kunnafoni kunkurunnin dɔ ni a jiracogo dɔ sɛbɛn. Powell ye tɔgɔ dɔ kɔlɔsi min tɔgɔ ye ko “Oxalate oxidase jirali jiriw la minnu sɛnɛcogo caman sɛnɛna, o bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka oxalate ni oxalate bɔ ɲɛgɛnw kɛlɛ”. Powell y’a ka banakisɛ ɲininiw fɛ, a y’a dɔn ko ɲɛgɛnw bɛ asidi ɔkisaliki bɔ walasa ka shɔni gosi faga ani ka a toli nɔgɔya. Powell y’a faamu ko ni shɔ bɛ se k’a yɛrɛ ka oxalate oxidase (poroteyini kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen min bɛ se ka oxalate tiɲɛ), o tuma na, a bɛ se k’a yɛrɛ lafasa. A ko: “O tun ye ne ka Eureka waati ye.”
A y’a Sɔrɔ jiri caman bɛ ni jɛnɛya ye min b’a To u bɛ se ka ɔkisalati ɔkisidazi Bɔ. Ɲininikalan min ye jɛmukan kɛ, Powell ye malo suguya dɔ sɔrɔ. Kalanden min ye kalan kɛ ka ban, n’o ye Linda Polin McGuigan ye, o ye “gene gun” fɛɛrɛ ɲɛ ka taa a fɛ walasa ka jeninida bila ka don sɛnɛfɛnw na, k’a jigi da ko a bɛ se ka don den ka ADN kɔnɔ. O jɛnɛya tora den kɔnɔ waati dɔɔni, nka o kɔfɛ, a tununna. Ɲininikalanjɛkulu ye o fɛɛrɛ in bila ka wuli ka taa banakisɛ dɔ la min ye fɛɛrɛ dɔ labɛn kabini tuma jan walasa ka fɛnɲɛnama wɛrɛw ka ADN tigɛ k’u ka jamu don a kɔnɔ. Sigida la, fɛnɲɛnama misɛnninw bɛ jamu dɔw fara a kan minnu bɛ jatigila wajibiya ka banakisɛw ka dumuni dilan. Jɛnkulu dɔnnikɛlaw ye o banakisɛ in minɛ walasa dɔnnikɛla b’a fɛ ka fɛn o fɛn don a kɔnɔ. McGuigan ye se sɔrɔ ka malo jamu ni taamasiɲɛ furakisɛw fara shɔ denw kan ni dannaya ye. Ni farikolojɔlifɛn in yeelenna ni mikroskɔpu ye, o farikolojɔlan bɛna yeelen jɛman bɔ, o b’a jira ko a donna a kɔnɔ ka ɲɛ. (O jɛkulu ye baara dabila joona ni taamasiɲɛ furakisɛw ye—mɔgɔ si tun t’a fɛ jiri min bɛ se ka yeelen bɔ.) Maynard y’o fɛɛrɛ wele ko “fɛn min ka di ka tɛmɛ fɛn tɔw bɛɛ kan diɲɛ kɔnɔ.”
Waati tɛmɛnen kɔfɛ, Maynard ni Powell ye sɛnɛfɛnw lajɛyɔrɔ dɔ jɔ, min bɛ se sisan ka se san 1960 kungo ɲinini boon cɛɲi dɔ ma, min dilannen don ni biriki ni nɛgɛ ye, ka fara “Biotech Accelerator” yɔrɔ kura ye min bɛ manamana kalanso kɔkan. O kɛcogo fɔlɔ ye denw sugandili ye minnu bɛ falen ka bɔ farikolokisɛw la minnu ka jamu bɛ ɲɔgɔn ta (denkisɛ minnu dabɔra laboratuwari kɔnɔ, olu fanba tɛ o kɛ, o la nafa tɛ a la ka klonw dilan) ka malo jamu don a kɔnɔ. Denkisɛw, i n’a fɔ agar, ye fɛn ye min bɛ i n’a fɔ pudding, min bɛ bɔ jɛgɛw la. Walasa ka den in tigɛli kɛ jiri ye, ɲininikɛlaw ye bonya hormone dɔ fara a kan. Plastiki minɛn kɛmɛ caman minnu bɛ i n’a fɔ kubɛ, ni jirisun misɛnninw ye minnu ju tɛ, olu bɛ se ka bila tabali kan lanpan barikama dɔ jukɔrɔ. A laban na, dɔnnikɛlaw ye jirisunw sɛnɛcogo hormone kɛ, k’u ka jiri fɔlɔw turu dagaw kɔnɔ minnu falen bɛ bɔgɔ la, k’u bila falenyɔrɔ la, funteni bɛ se ka min kɔlɔsi. A tɛ kabako ye ko jiri minnu bɛ laboratuwari kɔnɔ, olu cogoya man ɲi kɛnɛma. O de kama, ɲininikɛlaw y’u ni kungo jiriw fara ɲɔgɔn kan walasa ka jiriw bɔ minnu ka gɛlɛn nka u bɛ se ka kɛlɛ hali bi walasa ka foro sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛ.
A bɛ samiyɛ fila bɔ, Hannah Pilkey, kalanden min ye kalan kɛ ka ban Powell ka laboratuwari la, o ye nin kɛcogo jira n na. A ye ɲɛgɛn min bɛ banakisɛw sɔgɔsɔgɔ, o sɛnɛ plastiki petiri minɛn fitinin dɔ kɔnɔ. Nin cogo datugulen in na, banakisɛ min ye oranjɛ jɛman ye, o bɛ i ko a man ɲi, wa a bɛ ɲini ka kɛ cɛɲi ye. A ka gɛlɛn ka miiri ko o de ye jamaba fagali ni tiɲɛni sababu ye.
Jirafe min tun bɛ duguma, o y’i biri duguma, ka jirisun fitinin dɔ yɔrɔ min janya ye milimɛtɛrɛ duuru ye, o taamasiyɛn, ka tigɛ saba tigitigi kɛ ni sɔgɔlilan ye, ka bɔgɔmugu kɛ joginda la. A y’u datugu ni plastiki filimu dɔ ye. A ko: “A bɛ iko band-aid.” Ikomi nin ye “kɔlɔsili” jiri ye min tɛ se ka bana kɛlɛ, a b’a jira ko oranjɛ banakisɛ bɛ jɛnsɛn joona ka bɔ boloci yɔrɔ la, ka laban ka a jirisun misɛnninw lamini. A ye jiri dɔw jira n na, malo jamu bɛ minnu na, a tun ye minnu furakɛ ka tɛmɛ. Banakisɛ bɛ dan tigɛyɔrɔ la, i n’a fɔ dawolo finman minnu ka surun da fitini na.
San 2013, Maynard ni Powell y’a jira k’u ye ɲɛtaa sɔrɔ Transgenic Research la: san 109 Ameriki ka sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ bana sɔrɔlen kɔfɛ, u ye Jiri dɔ da min bɛ i n’a fɔ a bɛ se k’a yɛrɛ tanga, hali n’u binna u kan ni ɲɛgɛnw jalen hakɛ caman ye. U ka dɛmɛbaga fɔlɔ ni bolomafaraba bonya kosɔn, a ye dɔrɔmɛ 250.000 ɲɔgɔn bila, wa ɲininikɛlaw bɛ ka jiriw tɔgɔ da a tɔgɔ la. O bɛ Weele ko Darling 58.
Ameriki ka Chestnut Foundation ka New York Chapter ka san o san lajɛ kɛra lotɛli fitinin dɔ la New Paltz kɔkan, sanjiba dɔ la, Utikalo san 2018. Mɔgɔ 50 ɲɔgɔn ye ɲɔgɔn lajɛn. O lajɛ in yɔrɔ dɔ tun ye dɔnniya lajɛ ye, a fan dɔ tun ye kasɛti ɲɔgɔn falen-falen lajɛ ye. Lajɛyɔrɔ fitinin dɔ kɔfɛ, tɔndenw ye Ziploc bɔrɔw falen-falen ɲɔgɔn na, minnu falen bɛ nɔnɔmugu la. O lajɛ in kɛra a siɲɛ fɔlɔ ye san 28 kɔnɔ, Darling walima Maynard ma na. Kɛnɛyako gɛlɛyaw y’u fila bɛɛ to yɔrɔ jan. Allen Nichols, min ye kulu ɲɛmɔgɔ ye, o y’a fɔ n ye ko: “An bɛ nin kɛ kabini tuma jan, wa a bɛ se ka fɔ ko san o san, an bɛ to ka makun suw kosɔn.” O bɛɛ n’a ta, dusukunnata bɛ jigiya la hali bi: jiri min jiginna a jamu la, o tɛmɛna san caman kɔnɔ lakana ni a nafa sɛgɛsɛgɛli gɛlɛnw na.
Sapitiri kɔnɔmɔgɔw ye daminɛkuma caman fɔ ka ɲɛsin jirisunba kelen-kelen bɛɛ cogoya ma, minnu sigilen bɛ Niyɔriki mara la. Pilkey ni kalanden wɛrɛw minnu ye kalan kɛ ka ban, olu ye jirimuguw lajɛcogo n’u maracogo jira, sɛnɛfɛnw falencogo so kɔnɔ yeelenw kɔrɔ, ani bɔgɔ facogo ni bɔgɔdaga banakisɛ ye walasa ka jiriw ka ɲɛnamaya janya. Kafe disi mɔgɔw, minnu caman bɛ tulumugu kɛ ani k’u yɛrɛ ka jiriw falen, olu ye ɲininkaliw kɛ dɔnnikɛla kamalenninw na.
Bowell y’a bila duguma, a ye fini don min tun bɛ i n’a fɔ fini min tɛ ofisi ye nin sapitiri in kama: a kɔkanna fini min tun sirilen bɛ jinɛmuso kɔnɔ. A ka hakili kelen ɲinini-san bisaba baara min labɛnna Herb Darling ka laɲini lamini na, n’o ye ka shɔ sɔrɔ kokura-o man ca kalanko dɔnnikɛlaw cɛma, minnu ka teli ka ɲinini kɛ san duuru wariko siratigɛ la, o kɔfɛ, The promising results are handed over to others for commercialization. Don Leopold, n’o ye Powell ka sigida dɔnniya ni kungokow ɲɛmɔgɔso baarakɛɲɔgɔn ye, o y’a fɔ n ye ko: “A bɛ n janto kosɛbɛ, wa a bɛ kolo.” "A bɛ ridow don. A hakili tɛ bɔ fɛn caman wɛrɛw la ten. Tuma min na ɲinini labanna ka ɲɛtaa sɔrɔ, Niyɔriki jamana ka Iniwɛrisite (SUNY) ɲɛmɔgɔw ye ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ a fɛ, ka patenti ɲini a ka jiri la walasa inivɛrisite ka se ka nafa sɔrɔ o la, nka Powell ma sɔn.A ko jiri minnu jamu caman sɛgɛsɛgɛra, olu bɛ i n'a fɔ shɔ fɔlɔw, wa u bɛ baara kɛ mɔgɔw ye.Powell ka mɔgɔw bɛ nin so in kɔnɔ.
Nka a y’u lasɔmi ko: U kɛlen kɔ ka se sɔrɔ fɛɛrɛko gɛlɛya fanba kan, jiri minnu ka jamu sɛgɛsɛgɛra, olu bɛ se ka gɛlɛya belebeleba sɔrɔ sisan: Ameriki gɔfɛrɛnaman. A dɔgɔkun damadɔ tɛmɛnen, Powell ye ɲɛ 3000 ɲɔgɔn dosiye dɔ di Ameriki sɛnɛko minisiriso ka baganw ni jiriw kɛnɛyako sɛgɛsɛgɛli baarada ma, o min ka baara ye ka jiriw sɔn minnu sɛgɛsɛgɛra. O bɛ baarada ka sɔnni baara daminɛ : ka ɲinini sɛbɛn lajɛ, ka jamanadenw ka hakilinaw ɲini, ka sigida lakanani kunnafoni dɔ labɛn, ka foroba hakilinaw ɲini tugun ani ka latigɛ kɛ. O baara bɛ se ka san damadɔw ta. Ni desizɔn si ma kɛ, o baara bɛ se ka jɔ. (Foroba kuma fɔ waati fɔlɔ ma dabɔ fɔlɔ.)
Ɲininikalaw b’a fɛ ka sɛbɛn wɛrɛw di dumuniko ni furako ɲɛmɔgɔso ma walasa a ka se ka nɔnɔmuguw ka dumuniko lakanani lajɛ, wa sigida lakanani baarada bɛna nin jiri in nɔfɛkow lajɛ sigida la, ka kɛɲɛ ni Fɛderasiyɔn ka fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw sariya ye, min wajibiyalen don jiriw bɛɛ ma minnu ka jamu sɛgɛsɛgɛlen don. biologique (biologiki) ye. “Nin ka gɛlɛn ka tɛmɛ dɔnniya kan!” mɔgɔ dɔ y' o fɔ jama la .
"Awɔ." Powell sɔnna o ma. “Sɔnniya ka di.A bɛ mɔgɔ dusu tiɲɛ.” (A y’a fɔ n ye kɔfɛ ko: “Kɔlɔsili kɛli baarada saba danfaralenw fɛ, o ye kojuguba ye. Tiɲɛ na, a bɛ kokuradonni faga sigida lakanani na.”)
Walasa k’a jira k’u ka jiri tɛ farati la, Powell ka kulu ye sɛgɛsɛgɛli suguya caman kɛ. U ye oxalate oxidase balo sumanw ka mugu la. U ye ɲɛgɛn nafamaw falenni suman dugukolo kɔnɔ. U ye furabuluw To ji la k’u nɔ Sɛgɛsɛgɛ t. Kɔnɔnafili si ma ye kalan si la-tiɲɛ na, dumuni min bɛ kɛ ni jamu ye, o baarakɛcogo ka fisa ni jiri dɔw buluw ye minnu ma sɛmɛntiya. Dɔnniyakɛlaw ye o nɔnɔw ci Oak Ridge National Laboratory ani laboratuwari wɛrɛw ma Tennessee walasa u ka sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛ, wa u ma danfara si sɔrɔ ni nɔnɔw ye minnu bɛ bɔ jiriw fɛ minnu ma fɛn caman sɛmɛntiya.
O nɔ suguw bɛ se ka sariyasunbatigiw hakili sigi. A bɛ se ka fɔ ko u tɛna walekɛlaw dusu saalo minnu bɛ GMOw kɛlɛ. John Dougherty, n’o ye dɔnnikɛla ye min ye lafiɲɛbɔ sɔrɔ ka bɔ Monsanto, ale ye ladilikan baara di Powell ma fu. A y’o kɛlɛɲɔgɔnw wele ko “kɛlɛcɛw.” A bɛ san tan caman bɔ, sigida jɛkuluw bɛ ka lasɔmini kɛ ko ni u ye jamu lamaga suguya wɛrɛw ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ minnu ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ ka jan, o bɛna na ni kɔlɔlɔw ye minnu ma laɲini, i n’a fɔ ka “binjuguba” dɔ da min bɛ tɛmɛ jiriw kan minnu bɛ sɔrɔ u yɛrɛ la, walima ka jamana wɛrɛw ka jamu don a kɔnɔ minnu bɛ se ka kɛ sababu ye ka jatigila sɔrɔ The possibility of harmful mutations in the DNA of the species. U bɛ hami fana ko iziniw bɛ baara kɛ ni jamu ye walasa ka patɔrɔnw sɔrɔ ani ka fɛnɲɛnamaw kɔlɔsi.
Sisan, Powell y’a fɔ ko ale ma wari si sɔrɔ k’a ɲɛsin iziniw ma, wa a y’a sinsin a kan ko nafolo dilen laboratuwari ma “ma siri.” Nka, Brenda Jo McManama, n’o ye jɛkulu dɔ labɛnbaga ye min tɔgɔ ye ko “Indigenous Environmental Network”, ye bɛnkan dɔ jira san 2010, Monsanto ye min di Chestnut Foundation n’a jɛɲɔgɔn baarakɛda ma New York O sapitiri ye yamaruya di jamu caman cili patenti fila ma. . Porozɛ min tɛ a yɛrɛ ta ye. A y’a fɔ k’a jɛya ko: “Monsan bɛɛ ye kojugu ye.
Powell y’a jira ko san 2010 bɛnkansɛbɛn kɔnɔ, patenti min tun bɛ yen, o waati tɛmɛna, wa a kɛlen k’a ka jiri in kunnafoni di dɔnniya sɛbɛnw kɔnɔ, a y’a jira ko jiri in tɛ se ka patenti sɔrɔ. Nka a y’a faamu ko o tɛna haminankow bɛɛ ban. A ko: “Ne b’a dɔn ko mɔgɔ dɔ bɛna a fɔ ko i ye Monsanto ka bagan dɔrɔn de ye.” “I bɛ se ka mun kɛ, i tɛ se ka foyi kɛ.”
A bɛ san duuru bɔ, Ameriki ka tɔnba ɲɛmɔgɔw y’a jira k’u tɛ se k’u ka laɲiniw dafa ni ɲɔgɔndan dɔrɔn ye, o de la u sɔnna Powell ka porogaramu ma min bɛ wele ko « ingénierie genetique ». O desizɔn ye bɛnbaliya dɔw lase mɔgɔw ma. Marisikalo san 2019, Masasi-Rhode Island Chapter of the Foundation ɲɛmɔgɔ, Lois Breault-Melican, y’a ka baara bila, k’a sababu kɛ Global Justice Ecology Project (Global Justice Project) ye, n’o ye jɛnɛya kɛlɛli jɛkulu ye min sigilen bɛ Buffalo. Justice Ecology Project) ka sɔsɔli; a cɛ Denis Melican fana bɔra tɔnba in na. Dennis y’a fɔ n ye ko furuɲɔgɔnma fila ninnu tun jɔrɔlen don kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenya la ko Powell ka shɔw bɛ se ka kɛ “Trojan so” ye, o min ye sira dabɔ jagokɛla jiri wɛrɛw ye walasa u ka supercharger kɛ ni jamu ye.
Susan Offutt, n’o ye sɛnɛko sɔrɔko dɔnbaga ye, ale ye jamana ka dɔnniya, ɛntɛrinɛti ani furakɛli jɛkulu ɲɛmɔgɔ ye, min ye ɲinini kɛ kungo kɔnɔ biyoteknoloji kan san 2018. A y’a jira ko gɔfɛrɛnaman ka sariyasunba in sinsinnen bɛ fɛnɲɛnamaw ka faratiw ko fitinin kan, wa a bɛ se ka fɔ ko a ma deli ka sigida haminankow jateminɛ minnu ka bon kosɛbɛ, i n’a fɔ GMO kɛlɛbagaw ye minnu lawuli. “Kungo nafa kɔnɔna ye mun ye?” a ye ɲininkali kɛ, gɛlɛya dɔ misali la, taabolo ma ɲɛnabɔ. “Yala kungow bɛ ni u yɛrɛ ka nafa ye wa? Yala jogoɲumanya wajibi b’an bolo ka o jateminɛ n’an bɛ ko latigɛlenw kɛ?”
N ye kuma fɔ dɔnnikɛla minnu fɛ, kun caman t’u la ka hami Powell ka jiriw la, bawo kungo in ye tiɲɛniba kɛ: yiritigɛ, sɛnɛfɛnw bɔli, yiriwali, ani fɛnɲɛnamaw ni banaw hakɛ danmadɔ minnu bɛ jiriw tiɲɛ. Olu cɛma, a jirala ko sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ ye An opening ceremony ye. Gary Lovett, min ye kungo laminiko dɔnbaga ye Cary Ecosystem Institute la Millbrook, New York, o y’a fɔ ko: “An bɛ ka fɛnɲɛnama dafalen kuraw don mɔgɔw kɔnɔ tuma bɛɛ.” “Cɛsi minnu bɛ sɔrɔ u ka jamu la, olu bɛ nɔ min bila u la, o ka dɔgɔ kosɛbɛ.”
Donald Waller, kungo laminiko dɔnbaga min ye lafiɲɛbɔ kɛ kɔsa in na Wisconsin-Madison Iniwɛrisite la, o taara a fɛ ka tɛmɛ o kan. A y’a fɔ n ye ko: “Fan dɔ fɛ, ne bɛ balansi dɔɔnin jira farati ni sara cɛ. Faan wɛrɛ fɛ, ne bɛ to ka n kunkolo sɔgɔsɔgɔ dɔrɔn faratiw kama.” Nin jiri in min jiginna a jamu la, o bɛ se ka kɛ farati ye kungo ma. O ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ, “ɲɛ min bɛ sara jukɔrɔ, o bɛ fa dɔrɔn ni tintin ye.” A ko kasɛti min bɛ jatigɛ kɛlɛ, o laban bɛna se sɔrɔ nin kungo kɛlɛlen in na. Mɔgɔw ​​mago bɛ jigiya la. Mɔgɔw ​​mago bɛ taamasiyɛnw na. ” .
Powell ka teli ka to a hakili sigilen na, nka sigasigabaga minnu bɛ jamu sɛgɛsɛgɛli la, olu bɛ se k’a yɛrɛyɛrɛ. A ko: “U tɛ foyi ɲɛ ne bolo.” “U ma sinsin dɔnniya kan.” Ni ɛntɛrinɛti injiniyɛriw bɛ mobili walima telefɔni selilɛri ɲumanw dilan, mɔgɔ si tɛ ŋunan, o de la a b’a fɛ k’a dɔn mun bɛ jiriw la minnu dilannen don ka ɲɛ. Powell ko: “Nin ye baarakɛminɛn ye min bɛ se ka dɛmɛ don. "Mun na i b'a fɔ ko an tɛ se ka baara kɛ ni nin baarakɛminɛn in ye? An bɛ se ka baara kɛ ni Phillips viseur ye, nka an tɛ se ka baara kɛ ni viseur normal ye, ani a kɔfɛ?"
San 2018 Ɔkutɔburukalo daminɛ na, n taara ni Powell ye foro jɔyɔrɔ nɔgɔlen dɔ la Sirakuza saheliyanfan fɛ. A jigi tun b’a kan ko Ameriki ka shɔ suguya ka siniɲɛsigi bɛna bonya. Yɔrɔ in bɛ ɲini ka kɛ yɔrɔ lakolon ye, wa a ye yɔrɔ damadɔw dɔ ye, jiriw bɛ Sɔn ka falen yɔrɔ minnu na. Pinɛ ni larsi sɛnɛyɔrɔ janw, n’o ye ɲinini baara dɔ nɔ ye min bilalen don kabini tuma jan, olu bɛ biri kɔrɔn fɛ, ka yɔrɔ janya fiɲɛ na min bɛ fanga la, o bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka yɔrɔ in kɛ fɛn ye min bɛ mɔgɔ lasiran dɔɔnin.
Ɲininikalankɛla Andrew Newhouse min bɛ Powell ka laboratuwari la, ale bɛ ka baara kɛ kaban jiri ɲumanw dɔ kan dɔnnikɛlaw bolo, n’o ye kungo kɔnɔ jiri ye min bɛ bɔ Virijini saheliyanfan fɛ. Jiri in janya bɛ Taa mɛtɛrɛ 25 ɲɔgɔn na, wa a bɛ falen jirisunba nakɔ dɔ la min labɛnna k’a sɔrɔ a ma kɛ cogo si la, min lamininen bɛ ni sagaw ka kogo ye min janya ye mɛtɛrɛ 10 ye. Lakɔliso bɔrɔ tun sirilen bɛ jiribolo dɔw da la. Newhouse y’a ɲɛfɔ ko kɔnɔna plastiki bɔrɔ in tun sirilen bɛ Darling 58 mugu la, dɔnnikɛlaw ye min ɲini zuwɛnkalo la, k’a sɔrɔ kɛnɛma nɛgɛ bɔrɔ in tun bɛ wuluw yɔrɔ janya jirisunw na minnu bɛ falen. O sigicogo bɛɛ bɛ Ameriki sɛnɛko minisiriso ka kɔlɔsiliba kɔnɔ; sani deregulation ka kɛ, jiriw ka mugu walima nɔnɔ minnu bɛ bɔ jiriw la minnu ka jamu faralen don ɲɔgɔn kan kogo kɔnɔ walima ɲininikɛla ka laboratuwari kɔnɔ, olu ka kan ka bɔ ɲɔgɔn na.
Newhouse ye jiri tigɛlanw kɛ minnu bɛ se ka kɔsegin bolow kan. A samalen ni juru ye, nɛgɛbere karilen don, bɔrɔ binna. Newhouse taara joona bolofara nata la min tun bɛ bɔrɔ kɔnɔ, ka segin o kɛcogo kan. Powell ye bɔrɔ binnalenw lajɛ k’u bila plastiki nɔgɔbɔlan belebele dɔ kɔnɔ, i n’a fɔ a bɛ fɛnw minɛ cogo min na, minnu bɛ farati lase fɛnɲɛnamaw ma.
Newhouse ni Hannah Pilkey seginnen kɔ laboratuwari la, u ye bɔrɔ lankolonya ani ka teliya ka nɔnɔ bulamaw bɔ jirisunw na minnu ɲɛ ye binkɛnɛ ye. U b’u janto ŋaniw kana don fari la, o min ye baarakɛlaw ka farati ye shɔ ɲinini na. Fɔlɔ la, nɔnɔ nafamaw bɛɛ tun ka di u ye minnu jiginna u ka jamu la. Nin sen in na, u labanna ka caman sɔrɔ: u ka ca ni 1000 ye. Pirkey ko: “An bɛɛ bɛ dɔnkili fitinin nisɔndiyalenw kɛ.
Kɔfɛ o wulada fɛ, Powell taara ni o jirisunw ye Neil Patterson ka biro la, mɔgɔw ladon yɔrɔ la. O tun ye jamanadenw ka don ye (Kɔlɔnbɔsi don), wa Patɛrison, n’o ye ESF ka jamanadenw ni sigida laminiko ɲɛmɔgɔba dɛmɛbaga ye, o tun seginna ka bɔ kalanso tilayɔrɔba kelen na sisan, a ye jamanadenw ka dumuniko jirali ɲɛminɛ yen. A den fila n’a balimamuso denmuso bɛ tulon kɛ ɔridinatɛri kan biro kɔnɔ. Bɛɛ ye nɔnɔw bɔ ka u dun. Powell y’a fɔ ni nimisali ye ko: “U bɛ bilen dɔɔnin hali bi.
Powell ka nilifɛn ye fɛn caman ye. A bɛ ka kisɛw tila-tila, a jigi b’a kan ko a bɛna baara kɛ ni Patterson ka rezo ye walasa ka shɔw turu yɔrɔ kuraw la, u bɛ se ka mugumugu sɔrɔ yɔrɔ minnu na, u ka jamu sɛmɛntiyalen don san damadɔ kɔnɔ. A y’a sen don fana diplomasi dexterous chestnut la.
Tuma min na Patterson minɛna ESF fɛ san 2014, a y’a dɔn ko Powell bɛ ka jiriw kɔlɔsi minnu sɛgɛsɛgɛra ni jamu ye, minnu ni Onondaga jamana sigibagaw ka mara cɛ ye kilomɛtɛrɛ damadɔ dɔrɔn ye. O laban in bɛ kungo kɔnɔ, kilomɛtɛrɛ damadɔw Sirakuza saheliyanfan fɛ. Patterson y’a faamuya ko ni porozɛ in ɲɛnabɔra, banaw kɛlɛli jamu bɛ laban ka don dugukolo kɔnɔ ka tɛmɛ ni shɔ tɔw ye yen, o la, kungo bɛna Changé min nafa ka bon kosɛbɛ Onodaga ka danyɔrɔ la. A ye haminankow fana mɛn minnu bɛ ka walekɛlaw bila, dɔw fana bɛ bɔ jamanadenw ka sigidaw la, ka fɛnɲɛnamaw kɛlɛ minnu ka jamu caman sɛgɛsɛgɛra yɔrɔ wɛrɛw la. Misali la, san 2015, Yurok kabila ye GMO marali bali Kalifɔrni woroduguyanfan fɛ, k’a sababu kɛ hami ye a ka sɛnɛfɛnw ni sɛmɛ mɔni nɔgɔli la.
Patterson y’a fɔ n ye ko: “Ne y’a faamu ko nin kɛra an na yan, an ka kan ka baro kɛ a dɔgɔyalenba la.” San 2015 sigida lakanani baarada ka lajɛ la, ESF ye min kɛ, Powell ye jɛmukan dɔ kɛ min labɛnna kosɛbɛ, ka ɲɛsin Niyɔriki jamanadenw ma. Jɛmu in kɔfɛ, Patterson hakili jigira ko ɲɛmɔgɔ damadɔw y’a fɔ ko: “An ka kan ka jiriw turu!” U ka dusudiya ye Patterson kabakoya. A ko: “Ne tun ma miiri o la.”
Nka, barow minnu kɛra kɔfɛ, olu y’a jira ko u damadɔw hakili bɛ tiɲɛ na, jirisunba jɔyɔrɔ min tun bɛ a ka laadalakow la. Patterson ka tugu-tugu-sɛgɛsɛgɛliw y’a jira a la ko waati min na sigidamɔgɔw ka ɲagami ni sigida tiɲɛni bɛ ka kɛ waati kelen na, Ameriki gɔfɛrɛnaman tun bɛ ka fanga-dafirili ni u ka ɲɔgɔnfaamu fɛɛrɛba dɔ waleya, wa banakisɛ in sera. I n’a fɔ fɛn caman wɛrɛw, sigida ka sɛnɛfɛnw sɛnɛcogo tununna o yɔrɔ la. Patterson y’a ye fana ko mɔgɔw ka miiriyaw tɛ kelen ye kosɛbɛ jamukow la. Onoda ka lacrosse bere dilannikɛla Alfie Jacques b’a fɛ kosɛbɛ ka berew dilan ni shɔ jiri ye, wa a bɛ dɛmɛ don o baara in na. Dɔ wɛrɛw b’a miiri ko farati ka bon kojugu, o de kosɔn u bɛ jiriw kɛlɛ.
Patterson bɛ nin jɔyɔrɔ fila in faamuya. Kɔsa in na, a y’a fɔ n ye ko: “A bɛ iko telefɔni selilɛri ni n den.” A y’a jira k’a den bɛ segin so ka bɔ lakɔli la k’a sababu kɛ coronavirus bana ye. "Don dɔ la, ne taara n bɛɛ la; walasa u ka to ɲɔgɔn fɛ, u bɛ ka kalan kɛ. O dugujɛ, i n'a fɔ, an ka bɔ o fɛnw na." Nka baro min kɛra ni Powell ye san caman kɔnɔ, o y’a ka sigasigali dɔgɔya. A ma mɛn, a y’a Dɔn ko Darling jiri 58 denw hakɛ cayalenba tɛna Kɛ ni jɛnɛya minnu Dònna a la, o kɔrɔ ye ko kungo kɔnɔ jirisun fɔlɔw bɛna To ka bonya kungo kɔnɔ. Patterson ko o ye gɛlɛyaba dɔ bɔ yen.
An ka taama senfɛ ɔkutɔburukalo la, a y’a fɔ n ye ko kun min na a ma se ka GM porozɛ dɛmɛ kosɛbɛ, o ye ko a t’a dɔn ni Powell b’a janto mɔgɔw la minnu bɛ jɛɲɔgɔnya kɛ ni jiri ye walima ni jiri in ye. Patterson y’a disi gosi k’a fɔ ko: “Ne t’a dɔn min bɛ a bolo. A ko ni hadamaden ni shɔ cɛsira bɛ se ka segin a cogo kɔrɔ la dɔrɔn, a ka kan ka nin jiri in sɔrɔ kokura.
O kama, a ko ale b’a fɛ ka baara kɛ ni Powell ye nɔnɔ minnu di a ma walasa ka shɔ pudding ni tulu dilan. A bɛna na ni nin dumuni ninnu ye Onondaga mara la, ka mɔgɔw wele u ka u ka dumuni duman kɔrɔw sɔrɔ kokura. A ko: “Ne jigi b’a kan ko o don, a bɛ i n’a fɔ ka i teri kɔrɔ dɔ fo, i ka kan ka don bisi kɔnɔ dɔrɔn ka bɔ i jɔra yɔrɔ min na siɲɛ tɛmɛnen.”
Powell ye nilifɛn miliyɔn 3,2 sɔrɔ ka bɔ Templeton World Charity Foundation fɛ Zanwuyekalo la, o bɛna kɛ sababu ye Powell ka taa ɲɛ, k’a sɔrɔ a bɛ ka sariyasunba lajɛ ani k’a ka ɲinini sinsinnan bonya k’a ta jamu la ka se dugukolo dilancogo bɛɛ tiɲɛni yɛrɛ ma. Ni gɔfɛrɛnaman ye dugawu di a ma, Powell ni dɔnnikɛlaw minnu bɛ Ameriki ka Chestnut Foundation la, olu bɛna a daminɛ k’a to a ka falen. Polɛn n’a ka jɛnɛya wɛrɛw bɛna fiyɛ walima ka burusi kɛ jiri wɛrɛw ka makɔnɔminɛnw kan, wa, jirisunw ka jamu caman sɛmɛntiyalenw ka siniɲɛsigi bɛna bɔ kɛnɛ kan k’a sɔrɔ u ma kɛ ni kɔrɔbɔli sigida ye min bɛ kɔlɔsi. Ni an y’a miiri ko jamu bɛ se ka mara foro kɔnɔ ani laboratuwari kɔnɔ, o tɛ jɛya, wa a bɛna jɛnsɛn kungo kɔnɔ-o ye sigidako yɔrɔ ye, dɔnnikɛlaw b’a fɛ min na nka mɔgɔ juguw bɛ siran min ɲɛ.
Kafeminkutu jiri lafiyalen kɔfɛ, yala i bɛ se ka dɔ san wa? Ɔwɔ, Newhouse ko o de tun ye labɛn ye. Sɛgɛsɛgɛlikɛlaw ɲininkara dɔgɔkun o dɔgɔkun jiriw bɛ sɔrɔ waati min na.
Powell, Newhouse n’a baarakɛɲɔgɔnw sigilen bɛ diɲɛ min kɔnɔ, a ka nɔgɔn k’a ye ko jamana bɛɛ b’u ka jiri makɔnɔ. Nka, ka bolifɛn ta ka taa worodugu fɛ ka bɔ ɲininikɛyɔrɔ la ka tɛmɛ Sirakuza dugu cɛmancɛ fɛ, o b’an hakili jigin fɛn caman Changements profonds donna cogo min na sigida ni sigida la kabini Ameriki ka shɔw tununna. Chestnut Heights Drive bɛ dugu misɛn dɔ la, Sirakuza worodugu fɛ. O ye sigiyɔrɔ gansan ye, bolifɛnw dondaw ka bon, binkɛnɛw labɛnna ka ɲɛ, ani tuma dɔw la, jiri misɛnninw bɛ yen minnu bɛ masiri, minnu falen bɛ ɲɛfɛla la. . Yiriko tɔn tɛ a ɲini ka shɔw lakunu. Sɛnɛko yɛrɛmahɔrɔnya min sinsinnen bɛ shɔ kan, o tununna pewu. A bɛ se ka fɔ ko mɔgɔ si tɛ nɔnɔ nɔgɔlenw ni dumuni dumanw bɔ jirisunw na minnu ka gɛlɛn kojugu. N’a sɔrɔ mɔgɔ fanba yɛrɛ t’a dɔn ko foyi tɛ kungo kɔnɔ.
N y’i jɔ ka picnic sufɛdumuni kɛ Onondaga baji da la, n’o ye jirisunba finmanba sumaya ye. Jiri in tun falen bɛ jirisunw na minnu ɲɛ ye binkɛnɛ jɛman ye. N bɛ se ka dingɛw ye fɛnɲɛnamaw fɛ minnu bɛ kɛ jirisunba la. A bɛ daminɛ ka bɔnɛ a buluw la wa a bɛ se ka sa ka bin san damadɔ o kɔfɛ. Walasa ka na yan dɔrɔn ka bɔ n ka so Marilandi, n ye mobili ta ka tɛmɛ ciyɛn salen ba caman kan, ni bɔgɔdaga bololankolonw bɛ wuli sira kɛrɛ fɛ.
Appalachia jamana na, o sosiyete ye jiriw sɔgɔ Bitlahua yɔrɔba dɔ la walasa ka kɔɔri sɔrɔ duguma. Kɔlɔn jamana dusukun bɛ Bɛn ni kasɛti jamana kɔrɔ dusukun ye. Ameriki ka Chestnut Foundation ye baara kɛ ni jɛkuluw ye minnu ye jiriw turu kɔɔrisɛnɛyɔrɔw la minnu bilalen don, wa sisan kasɛti jiriw bɛ falen dugukolo ba caman kan minnu tɔɔrɔla o balawu fɛ. O jiri ninnu ye jiri suguya dɔw dɔrɔn de ye minnu bɛ se ka banakisɛw ka bɔgɔbɔgɔ kɛlɛ, nka u bɛ se ka kɛ jiriw bɔnsɔn kura kɔrɔɲɔgɔnma ye minnu bɛ se ka ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ don dɔ ni kungo-kɔnɔ-fɛn kɔrɔw ye.
Mɛkalo tɛmɛnen, gazi ɲuman hakɛ min bɛ fiɲɛ na, o sera tilayɔrɔ 414,8 ma miliyɔn kelen kɔnɔ a siɲɛ fɔlɔ la. I n’a fɔ jiri tɔw, Ameriki ka shɔw girinya min tɛ ji ye, o bɛ bɛn karɔbɔli tilancɛ ma. I bɛ se ka fɛn damadɔw sɛnɛ dugukolo yɔrɔ dɔ kan minnu bɛ se ka gazi bɔ fiɲɛ na joona ka tɛmɛ shɔ jiri kan min bɛ ka bonya. O hakilina in na, barokun dɔ bɔra Wall Street Journal kɔnɔ salon, o y’a jira ko “An ka kasɛti foro wɛrɛ kɛ.”