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Bugunba bɛ bagabagaliba lase jamana caman ma diɲɛ kɔnɔ, k’a sababu kɛ u bɛ tiɲɛni kɛ sɛnɛko, hadamadenw ka kɛnɛyako, bolifɛnw ni fɛnsɔrɔsiraw la. O de kosɔn, fiɲɛ jiginni bɛ jate gɛlɛya ye diɲɛ kɔnɔ. Fɛɛrɛ minnu tɛ sigida lakana walasa ka fiɲɛ sɔgɔli bali, olu dɔ ye karɔbɔni sanjiko (MICP) kɛli ye. Nka, MICP min sinsinnen bɛ urea tiɲɛni kan, o kɔfɛfɛnw, i n’a fɔ amoniyɔmu, olu man ɲi ni u dilannen don ka caya. Nin kalan in bɛ kalisiyɔmu foromati banakisɛw furakɛcogo fila jira MICP tiɲɛni kama k’a sɔrɔ u ma urea bɔ ani k’u ka baarakɛcogo suma kosɛbɛ ni kalisiyɔmu asetati banakisɛw furakɛcogo fila ye minnu tɛ amoniyɔmu sɔrɔ. Banakisɛ minnu bɛ jateminɛ, olu ye Bacillus subtilis ni Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ye. Fɔlɔ, fɛn minnu bɛ CaCO3 sɔrɔli kɔlɔsi, olu nafa ɲumanw jateminɛna. O kɔfɛ, fiɲɛbɔlanw sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛra cɛncɛnw kan minnu furakɛra ni furakɛlicogo ɲumanw ye, ani fiɲɛbɔli kunbɛnni, stripping threshold velocity, ani cɛncɛn binkanni kunbɛnni suman. Karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu (CaCO3) alomɔriw jateminɛna ni ɲɛkisɛ mikroskɔpi ye, ni ɛlektrɔniki mikroskɔpi scanning (SEM) ye, ani ni X-ray diffraction analysis ye. Fura minnu bɛ kɛ ni kalisiyɔmu foromati ye, olu ye baara kɛ ka ɲɛ kosɛbɛ ka tɛmɛ asetati kan, kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni sɔrɔli siratigɛ la. Ka fara o kan, B. subtilis ye karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu caman dilan ka tɛmɛ B. amyloliquefaciens kan. SEM mikrografuw y’a jira ka jɛya ko banakisɛ minnu bɛ baara kɛ ani minnu tɛ baara kɛ, olu sirili n’u sɛbɛnni bɛ karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu kan, o min bɛ sɔrɔ bɔgɔbɔgɔli fɛ. Furakɛcogo bɛɛ ye fiɲɛ sɔgɔli dɔgɔya kosɛbɛ.
Fɔɲɔ sɔgɔli dɔnna kabini tuma jan ko gɛlɛyaba don min bɛ mara jalenw ni yɔrɔ jalen tilancɛw kan i n’a fɔ Ameriki saheli-tlebi, Sinuwa tilebin, Sahara Afiriki, ani Moyen-Orient fanba Sanji dɔgɔyali waati jalenw ni yɔrɔ jalenw na, o ye o mara ninnu yɔrɔbaw sɛmɛntiya ka kɛ kungodaw ye, cɛncɛnw, ani dugukolo minnu tɛ sɛnɛ. Fiɲɛ bɔgɔbɔgɔli min bɛ senna, o bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka sigida laminiko gɛlɛyaw lase fɛnsɔrɔsiraw ma i n’a fɔ bolifɛnw, sɛnɛyɔrɔw, ani izini dugukolow, o bɛ na ni ɲɛnamaya kɛcogo jugu ye ani dugu yiriwali musakabaw ye o maraw kɔnɔ Nafa min b’a la, o ye ko fiɲɛbɔ tɛ nɔ bila a bɛ kɛ yɔrɔ min na dɔrɔn, nka a bɛ kɛnɛyako ni sɔrɔko gɛlɛyaw fana lase sigida yɔrɔjanw ma, bawo a bɛ fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw ta fiɲɛ fɛ ka taa yɔrɔw la minnu yɔrɔ ka jan a bɔyɔrɔ la
Fɔɲɔba ka bɔgɔbɔgɔli kɛlɛli tora gɛlɛya ye diɲɛ kɔnɔ. Dugukolo sabatili fɛɛrɛ suguya caman bɛ Kɛ walasa ka fiɲɛ sɔgɔli Kɔlɔsi. O fɛɛrɛw ye fɛnw ye i n’a fɔ ji kɛli7, tulumuguw8, biyopolimɛriw5, karɔbɔni sanjibɔli min bɛ sɔrɔ mikrobiyɔmu fɛ (MICP)9,10,11,12 ani karɔbɔni sanjibɔli min bɛ sɔrɔ anzimu fɛ (EICP)1. Dugukolo ɲiginni ye buguri dabilacogo jɔnjɔn ye foro kɔnɔ. Nka, a wuli teliya la, o b’a to nin fɛɛrɛ in nafa ka dɔgɔn yɔrɔ jalenw ni yɔrɔ jalen tilancɛw la1. Tumu sɔgɔlenw kɛli bɛ dɔ fara cɛncɛn jɛɲɔgɔnya kan ani fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ ɲɔgɔnkanu. U ka jɛɲɔgɔnya nafolo bɛ cɛncɛnkisɛw siri ɲɔgɔn na; nka, tulubɔlanw fana bɛ gɛlɛya wɛrɛw lase mɔgɔ ma; u kulɛri dibiman bɛ dɔ fara funteni tali kan ani ka kɛ sababu ye ka jiriw ni fɛnɲɛnama misɛnninw faga. U kasa ni u sisi bɛ se ka ninakili gɛlɛyaw lase mɔgɔ ma, wa min ka bon kosɛbɛ, o ye ko u musaka ka bon, o ye bali wɛrɛ ye. Biyopolimɛriw ye fɛɛrɛw dɔ ye minnu labɛnna kɔsa in na, minnu tɛ fɛnɲɛnamaw tiɲɛ, walasa ka fiɲɛ sɔgɔli nɔgɔya; u bɛ bɔ fɛnɲɛnamaw la i n’a fɔ jiriw, baganw ani banakisɛw. Xanthan gum, guar gum, chitosan ani gellan gum ye biyopolimɛriw ye minnu bɛ kɛ ka caya ɛntɛrinɛti baarakɛcogo la5. Nka, biyopolimɛri minnu bɛ se ka wuli ji la, olu fanga bɛ se ka bɔ u la, ka bɔ dugukolo la ni u bilala ji la13,14. A jirala ko EICP ye buguri damatɛmɛ fɛɛrɛ ɲuman ye baara suguya caman na i n’a fɔ sira minnu ma dila, kɔjiw ani jɔli yɔrɔw. Hali n’a jaabiw bɛ dusu don mɔgɔ kɔnɔ, nafa dɔw ka kan ka jateminɛ minnu bɛ se ka kɛ, i n’a fɔ musaka ani nukiliya yɔrɔw dɛsɛ (o bɛ CaCO3 kristalɛw jɔli n’u sanji teliya15,16).
MICP ɲɛfɔra fɔlɔ san kɛmɛ 19nan laban na Murray ni Irwin (1890) ani Steinmann (1901) fɛ, u ka sɛgɛsɛgɛli la, min kɛra kɔgɔji kɔnɔ fɛnɲɛnamaw ka urea tiɲɛni kan17. MICP ye fɛnɲɛnamaw ka baarakɛcogo ye min bɛ sɔrɔ a yɛrɛ la, min bɛ kɛ ni fɛnɲɛnamaw ka baara suguya caman ye ani kemikɛli kɛcogo minnu na, kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni bɛ ja ka bɔ fɛnɲɛnamaw ka fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw na ni kalisiyɔmu ionw ka ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ ye sigida la MICP min bɛ urea-degrading nitrogen cycle (urea-degrading MICP) la, o ye karɔbɔni sanji suguya ye min bɛ sɔrɔ banakisɛw fɛ, o la, urease min bɛ bɔ banakisɛw fɛ, o bɛ urea ka jilabɔli kɛ20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27 ye nin cogo la:
MICP kɔnɔ min bɛ kɛ ni karɔbɔni sɛrɛkili ye kɔgɔ oksidan na (MICP ni urea tiɲɛni suguya tɛ), banakisɛ hɛtɛrotrofiw bɛ kɔgɔ fɛnɲɛnamaw kɛ i n’a fɔ asetati, laktati, sitɛrɛti, suksinati, ɔkisalati, malati ani giyokisilati, k’u kɛ fanga sɔrɔyɔrɔw ye walasa ka karɔbɔni minɛnw dilan Ni kalisiyɔmu laktati bɛ yen i n’a fɔ karɔbɔli sɔrɔyɔrɔ ani kalisiyɔmu ionw, kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni sɔrɔli ka kemikaliya wale jiralen don daɲɛ (5) kɔnɔ.
MICP baarakɛcogo la, banakisɛw bɛ nukiliyɔrɔw di minnu nafa ka bon kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenya la karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu sanjiko la; banakisɛ selilɛri sanfɛla bɛ charge négative sɔrɔ wa a bɛ se ka kɛ adsorbant ye divalent cations (kation divalent) la i n’a fɔ calcium ions. Ni kalisiyɔmu ionw donna banakisɛw ka selilɛriw kan, ni karɔbɔni ion hakɛ bɛ se, kalisiyɔmu katiyɔniw ni karɔbɔni aniyoni bɛ ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ ani kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni bɛ ja banakisɛw sanfɛ29, Taabolo bɛ se ka lajɛ nin cogo la31,32:
Kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni kristalɛ minnu bɛ sɔrɔ fɛnɲɛnamaw fɛ, olu bɛ se ka tila suguya saba ye: kalisiti, vaterite ani aragonite. Olu la, kalisiti ni vaterite ye banakisɛw ka kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni alomɔriw ye minnu ka ca kosɛbɛ33,34. Kalisiti ye kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni alomɔri ye min bɛ sabati kosɛbɛ funteni na35. Hali ni a fɔra ko vaterite bɛ se ka taa yɔrɔ wɛrɛw la, a laban bɛ wuli ka kɛ kalisiti ye36,37. Vaterite ye o kristalɛ ninnu bɛɛ la belebele ye. O ye kristalɛ ye min bɛ kɛ ni kɛrɛ wɔɔrɔ ye, min ka porozɛw facogo ka fisa ni kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni kristalɛ tɔw ye k’a sababu kɛ a bonya ka bon38. MICP min tiɲɛna ni urea ye ani min tiɲɛna ni urea ye, o fila bɛɛ bɛ se ka kɛ sababu ye ka vaterite13,39,40,41 sanji.
Hali ni MICP ye sebaayaba jira ka ɲɛsin gɛlɛya bɛ dugukolow ni dugukolow sabatili la minnu bɛ se ka fiɲɛ sɔgɔ42,43,44,45,46,47,48, urea jilama kɔfɛfɛn dɔ ye amoniyɔmu ye, o bɛ se ka kɛnɛya gɛlɛya misɛnniw lase u ma ka kɛɲɛ ni u tali hakɛ ye O kɔlɔlɔ in bɛ nin fɛɛrɛ kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen in tali kɛ sɔsɔli ye, kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenya la ni yɔrɔbaw ka kan ka furakɛ, i n’a fɔ buguri dabila. Ka fara o kan, amoniyɔmu kasa tɛ se ka muɲu ni a kɛcogo kɛra ni a tali hakɛ caman ye ani ni a hakɛ ka ca, o bɛ se ka nɔ bila a kɛcogo la. Hali ni kɔsa in na, sɛgɛsɛgɛliw y’a jira ko amoniyɔmu ionw bɛ se ka dɔgɔya ni u jiginna ka kɛ fɛn wɛrɛw ye i n’a fɔ struvite, o fɛɛrɛ ninnu tɛ amoniyɔmu ionw bɔ pewu50. O la, a ka kan hali bi ka fura wɛrɛw ɲini minnu tɛ amoniyɔmu ionw bɔ. Baara kɛli ni urea tiɲɛni siraw ye MICP kama, o bɛ se ka kɛ fura ye min bɛ se ka kɛ, min ma sɛgɛsɛgɛ ka ɲɛ fiɲɛbɔli nɔgɔyali siratigɛ la. Fattahi ni a ɲɔgɔnnaw. sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛra MICP tiɲɛni kan min tɛ urea sɔrɔ ni asetati kalisiyɔmu ni Bacillus megaterium41 ye, ka sɔrɔ Mohebbi et al. asetati kalisiyɔmu ni Bacillus amyloliquefaciens9. Nka, u ka kalan ma suma ni kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ wɛrɛw ye ani banakisɛ hɛtɛrotrofi minnu bɛ se ka laban ka fiɲɛ sɔgɔli kunbɛncogo ɲɛ. Sɛbɛnw fana dɛsɛ bɛ yen minnu bɛ tiɲɛni siraw suma ni urea tɛ minnu na ni urea tiɲɛni siraw ye fiɲɛbɔli nɔgɔyali la.
Ka fara o kan, fiɲɛbɔ ni buguri kɛlɛli kalan fanba kɛra dugukolo misaliw kan minnu yɔrɔ ye fla ye.1,51,52,53 Nka, yɔrɔ flakɛlenw man ca sigida la ka tɛmɛ kuluw ni dugujukɔrɔyɔrɔw kan. O de y’a To cɛncɛnw de ye dugukoloko ye min ka ca kungo kɔnɔ maraw la.
Walasa ka se sɔrɔ dɛsɛw kan minnu kofɔlen don sanfɛ, nin ɲinini in tun laɲinin bɛ ka banakisɛfagalan kura dɔ don senkan min tɛ amoniyɔmu sɔrɔ. O kama, an ye MICP siraw jateminɛ minnu tɛ urea tiɲɛ. Kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ fila (kalisiyɔmu foromati ni kalisiyɔmu asetati) ka baarakɛcogo ɲuman sɛgɛsɛgɛra. Sɛbɛnnikɛlaw ka dɔnniya la, karɔbɔni sanji min bɛ kɛ ni kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ fila ni banakisɛw faralen ye ɲɔgɔn kan (i n’a fɔ kalisiyɔmu foromati-Basilisi subtilis ani kalisiyɔmu foromati-Basilisi amyloliquefaciens) ma sɛgɛsɛgɛ kalan tɛmɛnenw na. O banakisɛ ninnu sugandili tun sinsinnen bɛ u ka anzimuw kan minnu bɛ kalisiyɔmu foromati ni kalisiyɔmu asetati ka oksidan kɛ walasa ka karɔbɔni sanji mikorobiyɔmu dilan. An ye sɛgɛsɛgɛli dafalen dɔ labɛn walasa ka fɛn ɲumanw sɔrɔ i n’a fɔ pH, banakisɛ suguyaw ni kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔw n’u hakɛ, banakisɛw ni kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ furaji hakɛ ani kɛnɛya waati. A laban na, nin banakisɛfagalan kulu in nafa sɛgɛsɛgɛra fiɲɛbɔ damatɛmɛni na ni karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu sanjiko ye, o sɛgɛsɛgɛra ni fiɲɛbɔlanw sɛgɛsɛgɛli caman kɛli ye cɛncɛnw kan walasa ka fiɲɛ sɔgɔli hakɛ dɔn, ka dancɛ tigɛ teliya ni cɛncɛn ka fiɲɛbɔli kunbɛncogo dɔn, ani penetromɛtiri sumani ni mikrosɔrɔcogo sɛgɛsɛgɛli (misali la, X-ray diffraction (XRD) ani scanning ɛlektrɔniki mikroskɔpi (SEM)) fana kɛra.
Karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔli bɛ kalisiyɔmu ionw ni karɔbɔni ionw de wajibiya. Kalisiyɔmu ionw bɛ se ka sɔrɔ kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ suguya caman na i n’a fɔ kuloridi kalisiyɔmu, kalisiyɔmu idɔrɔkisidi, ani nɔnɔmugu sɔgɔlen54,55. Karɔbɔni ionw bɛ se ka dilan ni mikrobiyɔmu fɛɛrɛ suguya caman ye i n’a fɔ urea jilabɔli ani fɛnɲɛnamaw ka oksidan aerobic walima anaerobic56. Nin kalan in kɔnɔ, karɔbɔni ionw sɔrɔla foromati ni asetati ka oksidan waleyali fɛ. Ka fara o kan, an ye foromati ni asetati ka kalisiyɔmu kɔgɔw kɛ ka kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni saniyalen dilan, o la, CO2 ni H2O dɔrɔn de sɔrɔla ka kɛ kɔfɛfɛnw ye. O kɛcogo la, fɛn kelen dɔrɔn de bɛ kɛ kalisiyɔmu ni karɔbɔni sɔrɔyɔrɔ ye, wa amoniyɔmu si tɛ bɔ. O jogo ninnu b’a to an ye kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ ni karɔbɔni sɔrɔcogo min jate layidu talenba ye.
Kalisiyɔmu foromati ni kalisiyɔmu asetati ka waleyaw bɛnninw ka kɛ ka kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni dilan, olu jiralen don formula (7)-(14) kɔnɔ. Formula (7)-(11) b’a jira ko kalisiyɔmu foromati bɛ wuli ji la ka kɛ asidi foromiki walima foromati ye. O la, furaji ye kalisiyɔmu ni idɔrɔkisidi ion hɔrɔnmaw sɔrɔyɔrɔ ye (fɔcogo 8 ni 9). Asidi foromiki ka oksidan sɔrɔli sababu la, asidi foromiki kɔnɔ karɔbɔli atomuw bɛ wuli ka kɛ gazi ɲuman ye (formule 10). Karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu bɛ laban ka sɔrɔ (fɔcogo 11 ani 12).
O cogo kelen na, karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu bɛ sɔrɔ asetati kalisiyɔmu fɛ (daɲɛ 13–15), fo ni asidi asetiki walima asetati bɛ sɔrɔ asidi fɔriki nɔ na.
Ni anzimu tɛ yen, asetati ni fɔmati tɛ se ka oksidan sɔrɔ so funteni na. FDH (formate dehydrogenase) ani CoA (coenzyme A) bɛ foromati ni asetati ka oksidan kɛ ka gazi ɲuman dilan, u kelen-kelen bɛɛ (Eqs. 16, 17) 57, 58, 59. Banakisɛ suguya caman bɛ se ka nin anzimu ninnu dilan, ani banakisɛ hɛtɛrotrofi, n’o ye Bacillus subtilis (PTCC #1204 (Persian Type) ye Cɛsirilan dalajɛ), n’a bɛ fɔ fana ko NCIMB #13061 (Duniɲa kɔnɔ banakisɛw, yezu, faji, plasmide, jiriw kisɛw ani jiriw selilɛriw sɛnɛcogo lajɛlen)) ani Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (PTCC #1732, NCIMB #12077), olu kɛra baarakɛminɛn ye nin ɲinini in na. O banakisɛ ninnu tun bɛ sɛnɛ fɛn dɔ la, sogo peptɔni (5 g/L) ani sogo tulu (3 g/L) bɛ min kɔnɔ, o bɛ wele ko balodɛsɛbanakisɛ (NBR) (105443 Merck).
O la, furakɛlicogo naani labɛnna walasa ka kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni sanji bila mɔgɔ la ni kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ fila ni banakisɛ fila ye: kalisiyɔmu foromati ni Basilisi subtilis (FS), kalisiyɔmu foromati ni Basilisi amilolikifasiɛns (FA), kalisiyɔmu asetati ni Basilisi subtilis (AS), ani kalisiyɔmu asetati ni Basilisi amilolikɛfasiɛns (AA).
Kɔrɔbɔli kɛcogo yɔrɔ fɔlɔ la, sɛgɛsɛgɛliw kɛra walasa ka faranfasicogo ɲuman dɔn min bɛ se ka kɛ sababu ye ka karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu caman sɔrɔ. Ikomi kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni tun bɛ dugukolo tacogo la, jateminɛ fɔlɔw kulu dɔ dabɔra walasa ka CaCO3 suman ka ɲɛ, min bɛ sɔrɔ faralen ɲɔgɔn kan, ani sɛnɛfɛnw ni kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ jilama ɲagaminenw jateminɛna. Kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ ni banakisɛ jilama faralen ɲɔgɔn kan kelen-kelen bɛɛ la, minnu ɲɛfɔlen don sanfɛ (FS, FA, AS, ani AA), fɛn minnu bɛ se ka kɛ ka ɲɛ (kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ hakɛ, a kɛnɛyali waati, banakisɛw jilama hakɛ min bɛ suman ni furaji ɲɛnayeli hakɛ ye (OD), kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ ni banakisɛw jilama hakɛ, ani pH) olu sɔrɔla ka baara kɛ ni u ye cɛncɛn furakɛli fiɲɛbɔlan sɛgɛsɛgɛliw la minnu ɲɛfɔlen don tilayɔrɔ nataw kɔnɔ.
O faralen ɲɔgɔn kan, kɔlɔsili 150 kɛra walasa ka CaCO3 sanji nɔfɛkow sɛgɛsɛgɛ ani ka fɛn suguya caman jateminɛ, n’o ye kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ hakɛ, kɛnɛya waati, banakisɛw ka OD hakɛ, kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ ni banakisɛfagalanw hakɛ hakɛ ani pH fɛnɲɛnamaw ka oksidan aerobic waati la (Taabolo 1). pH hakɛ min bɛ kɛ ka ɲɛsin taabolo ɲuman ma, o sugandira ka da Bacillus subtilis ni Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ka bonya kurulenw kan walasa ka bonya teliya sɔrɔ. O ɲɛfɔlen don ka ɲɛ sɔrɔyɔrɔ la min tɔgɔ ye ko Résultats.
Nin wale ninnu kɛra walasa ka misaliw labɛn ka ɲɛsin optimisation phase ma. MICP jilama fɔlɔ labɛnna ni sɛnɛfɛn pH fɔlɔ ladilanni ye ka sɔrɔ ka otoklavi kɛ 121 °C la miniti 15 kɔnɔ. O kɔfɛ, o sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ in bolocilen don fiɲɛbɔlan lamininen na, ka a mara inkubatɛri yɛrɛyɛrɛli la, 30 °C ani 180 rpm. Ni banakisɛw ka OD sera hakɛ ɲininen ma, a bɛ ɲagami ni kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ jilama ye a hakɛ ɲininen na (Jaa 1a). MICP jilama bilala ka kɛ fɛn ye min bɛ se ka kɛ fɛn ye min bɛ se ka wuli ka kɛ fɛn ye min bɛ lamaga 220 rpm ani 30 °C la waati min sera a hakɛ laɲininen ma. CaCO3 min jalen don, o farala ɲɔgɔn kan santirifugare kɔfɛ garamu 6000 la miniti 5 kɔnɔ, o kɔfɛ, a jalen don 40 °C la walasa ka fɛnw labɛn ka ɲɛsin kalisimɛtiri sɛgɛsɛgɛli ma (Jaa 1b). O kɔfɛ, CaCO3 sanji hakɛ suman ni Bernard kalisimɛtiri ye, CaCO3 mugu bɛ kɛ ni HCl 1,0 N ye (ASTM-D4373-02) ka CO2 sɔrɔ, wa o gazi hakɛ ye CaCO3 hakɛ sumanikɛlan ye (Ja 1c). Walasa ka CO2 hakɛ sɛmɛntiya ka kɛ CaCO3 hakɛ ye, jateminɛ kɛcogo dɔ kɛra ni CaCO3 mugu saniyalen ko ye ni HCl 1 N ye, k’a jate ka kɛɲɛ ni CO2 wulilen ye. CaCO3 mugu jalen in cogoya n’a saniya sɛgɛsɛgɛra ni SEM ja ni XRD sɛgɛsɛgɛli ye. Mikɔrɔskɔpu ɲɛnama min bonya ye 1000 ye, o kɛra ka kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni sɔrɔli sɛgɛsɛgɛ banakisɛw lamini na, kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni dilancogo fasa, ani banakisɛw ka baara.
Dejegh Basin ye mara ye min lakodɔnnen don kosɛbɛ, Fars mara la, Iran saheli-tlebi fɛ, wa ɲininikɛlaw ye dugukolo sɔgɔlenw lajɛ fiɲɛ fɛ ka bɔ o yɔrɔ la. O misaliw bɔra dugukolo sanfɛla la walasa ka kalan kɛ. Taamaʃyɛnw sɛgɛsɛgɛli minnu kɛra dugukolo misaliw kan, olu y’a jira ko dugukolo tun ye cɛncɛn bɔgɔ ye min ma tila ka ɲɛ ni nɔgɔ ye, wa a jatera SP-SM ye ka kɛɲɛ ni dugukolo danfaracogo kelen (USC) ye (Ja 2a). XRD sɛgɛsɛgɛli y’a jira ko Dejegh dugukolo tun bɛ kɛ kosɛbɛ ni kalisiti ni kuwari ye (Jaa 2b). Ka fara o kan, EDX sɛgɛsɛgɛli y’a jira ko fɛn wɛrɛw i n’a fɔ Al, K, ani Fe fana tun bɛ yen hakɛ fitininw na.
Walasa ka laboratuwari kuluw labɛn fiɲɛbɔ sɛgɛsɛgɛli kama, dugukolo tigɛra ka bɔ milimɛtɛrɛ 170 janya la ka tɛmɛ milimɛtɛrɛ 10 cɛmancɛ funteni fɛ ka taa yɔrɔ jɔlen na, o kɛra sababu ye ka dunun danma sɔrɔ min janya ye milimɛtɛrɛ 60 ye, a cɛmancɛ ye milimɛtɛrɛ 210 ye. Sigida la, cɛncɛn minnu ka dɔgɔn kosɛbɛ, olu bɛ Sɔrɔ aeolian taabolo fɛ. O cogo kelen na, misali min labɛnna ni sanfɛla kɛcogo ye, o hakɛ tun ka dɔgɔn kosɛbɛ, n’o ye γ = 14,14 kN/m3 ye, o bɛ kɛ cɛncɛn ye min bilalen bɛ yɔrɔ tilennen dɔ kan ni lafiɲɛbɔyɔrɔ ye 29,7° ɲɔgɔn ye.
MICP fura ɲuman min sɔrɔla tilayɔrɔ tɛmɛnen na, o fiyɛra dunun jiginni na ni a kɛcogo hakɛ ye 1, 2 ani 3 lm-2 ye, o kɔfɛ, a sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛra inkubatɛri kɔnɔ, 30 °C la (Ja 3) tile 9 kɔnɔ (o kɔrɔ ye ko kɛnɛya waati ɲuman) ka sɔrɔ ka bɔ ka taa fiɲɛbɔlan sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛ.
Furakɛli kelen-kelen bɛɛ kama, fɛn naani labɛnna, kelen kɛra ka kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni hakɛ ni dugukolo fanga suman ni penetromɛtiri ye, ani fɛn saba tɔw kɛra ka sɛnɛfɛnw sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛ ni teliya saba ye minnu tɛ kelen ye. Fiɲɛbɔlan sɛgɛsɛgɛliw la, bɔgɔbɔgɔ hakɛ jateminɛna fiɲɛ teliya danfaralenw na, o kɔfɛ, furakɛli kɛcogo kelen-kelen bɛɛ ka dakun tiɲɛni teliya jateminɛna ni bɔgɔbɔli hakɛ ni fiɲɛ teliya jatebɔ ye. Ka fara fiɲɛ sɔgɔli sɛgɛsɛgɛliw kan, furakɛli kɛlenw kɛra cɛncɛn bɔnbɔnw ye (o kɔrɔ ye ko panni kɔlɔsiliw). O kama, fɛn fila wɛrɛw labɛnna o kama ni u kɛcogo hakɛ ye 2 ani 3 L m−2 ye. Cɛmancɛ bɔnbɔn sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛra miniti 15 kɔnɔ ni flux ye 120 gm−1 ye, o bɛ hakɛw kɔnɔ minnu sugandira kalan tɛmɛnenw na60,61,62. Abrasive nozzle ni dune base cɛ ​​janya tun ye milimɛtɛrɛ 800 ye, o tun bɛ milimɛtɛrɛ 100 bɔ tunnel duguma sanfɛ. O jɔyɔrɔ in tun bɛ sigi sen kan walasa cɛncɛn minnu bɛ panpan, a bɛ se ka fɔ ko olu bɛɛ ka bin dunun kan.
Fiɲɛbɔlan sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛra fiɲɛbɔyɔrɔ da wulilen dɔ kɔnɔ min janya ye mɛtɛrɛ 8 ye, a bonya ye mɛtɛrɛ 0,4 ye, a janya ye mɛtɛrɛ 1 ye (Jaa 4a). Fiɲɛbɔlan in dilannen don ni nɛgɛdaga galvanizelenw ye, wa a bɛ se ka fiɲɛ teliya lase fo mɛtɛrɛ 25 ma/s. Ka fara o kan, frequency converter (fɔkan sɛgɛsɛgɛlikɛlan) bɛ Kɛ ka fiɲɛbɔlan (frequence) ladilan ani ka dɔ Fàra a kan dɔɔnin dɔɔnin walasa ka fiɲɛ teliya laɲinilen Sɔrɔ. Jaa 4b bɛ cɛncɛnw ja jira minnu bɛ sɔgɔ fiɲɛ fɛ ani fiɲɛ teliya hakɛ min suman fiɲɛbɔyɔrɔ la.
A laban na, walasa ka MICP furakɛcogo min tɛ urealytique ye, n’o fɔra nin kalan in kɔnɔ, o jaabiw ni MICP urealytique kɔlɔsili sɛgɛsɛgɛli jaabiw suma ɲɔgɔn na, dununw fana labɛnna ka furakɛ ni furaji ye min kɔnɔ urea, kuloridi kalisiyɔmu ani Sporosarcina pasteurii bɛ sɔrɔ (k’a masɔrɔ Sporosarcina pasteurii bɛ se ka urease dilan63). Banakisɛ jilama ɲɛkisɛ hakɛ tun ye 1,5 ye, ani urea ni kuloridi kalisiyɔmu hakɛ tun ye M 1 ye (a sugandira ka da hakɛw kan minnu fɔra kalan tɛmɛnenw na36,64,65). Lakɔlifɛn tun ye balolan ye (8 g/L) ani urea (20 g/L). Banakisɛ jilama in fiyɛra dunun sanfɛ ka a to lɛri 24 kɔnɔ walasa banakisɛw ka nɔrɔ a la. Lɛrɛ 24 kɛlen kɔ ka a siri, simanji (chlorure de calcium ni urea) bɛ fiyɛ. Urealytic MICP control test bɛ wele kɔfɛ ko UMC. Dugukolo minnu furakɛra ni urealytique ye ani minnu ma furakɛ ni urealytique ye, olu ka karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu hakɛ sɔrɔla ni ko ye ka kɛɲɛ ni Choi ni a ɲɔgɔnnaw ka fɛɛrɛ ye
Jaa 5 bɛ Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ni Bacillus subtilis falencogo jira sɛnɛfɛnw na (balofɛnw jilama) ni pH fɔlɔ ye 5 fo 10. I n’a fɔ a jiralen bɛ cogo min na ja in na, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ni Bacillus subtilis bonya teliya la pH 6-8 ani 7-9 la. O la, o pH hakɛ in minɛna optimisation (ɲɛnabɔli) taabolo la.
(a) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ni (b) Bacillus subtilis ka bonya kurulenw balolan pH fɔlɔ hakɛ danfaralenw na.
Jaa 6 bɛ gazi ɲuman hakɛ jira min bɛ bɔ Bernard limemeter kɔnɔ, o min bɛ karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu (CaCO3) jalen jira. Ikomi fɛn kelen tun sigilen don faralen ɲɔgɔn kan kelen-kelen bɛɛ la ani fɛn tɔw tun bɛ ɲɔgɔn ta, o ja ninnu kan, yɔrɔ kelen-kelen bɛɛ bɛ bɛn gazi ɲuman hakɛ maksimali ma o kɔrɔbɔli kulu kɔnɔ. I n’a fɔ a jiralen bɛ cogo min na ja in na, ni kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ hakɛ cayara, kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni sɔrɔli bɛ caya. O la, kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ hakɛ bɛ nɔ bila kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni sɔrɔli la k’a ɲɛsin a yɛrɛ ma. Ikomi kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ ni karɔbɔli sɔrɔyɔrɔ ye kelen ye (o kɔrɔ ye ko kalisiyɔmu foromati ni kalisiyɔmu asetati), ni kalisiyɔmu ionw bɛ bɔ ka caya, kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni bɛ sɔrɔ ka caya (Jaa 6a). AS ni AA furakɛlicogo la, karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔli tora ka caya ni kɛnɛyali waati cayara fo ka se sanji hakɛ ma min bɛ ɲini ka Changé tile 9 kɔfɛ. FA furakɛli la, karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔli hakɛ bɛ dɔgɔya ni kɛnɛyali waati tɛmɛna tile 6 kan. Ni aw ye a suma ni furakɛlicogo wɛrɛw ye, furakɛlicogo FS y’a jira ko karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔli hakɛ ka dɔgɔn kosɛbɛ tile 3 kɔfɛ (Jaa 6b). Furakɛcogo FA ni FS la, kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni sɔrɔta bɛɛ lajɛlen 70% ni 87% sɔrɔla tile saba kɔfɛ, ka sɔrɔ furakɛlicogo AA ni AS la, o hakɛ tun bɛ 46% ni 45% ɲɔgɔn dɔrɔn de la. O b’a jira ko asidi foromiki furakisɛ min bɛ kɛ, o ka CaCO3 sɔrɔli hakɛ ka ca a daminɛ na ni i ye a suma ni asetati ye. Nka, a dilanni hakɛ bɛ Dɔgɔya ni furakɛli waati bɛ caya. A bɛ se ka fɔ ka bɔ ja 6c la ko hali ni banakisɛw hakɛ bɛ OD1 sanfɛ, dɛmɛba tɛ kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni sɔrɔli la.
Yɛlɛma donna CO2 hakɛ la (ani CaCO3 hakɛ min bɛ bɛn o ma) min suman na Bernard kalisimɛtiri fɛ i n’a fɔ (a) kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ hakɛ, (b) sigili waati, (c) OD, (d) pH fɔlɔ, (e) kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ ni banakisɛji hakɛ hakɛ (furakɛcogo kelen-kelen bɛɛ la) baarakɛcogo ani (f) kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni hakɛ min bɛ bɔ kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ ni banakisɛw faralen ɲɔgɔn kan kelen-kelen bɛɛ la.
Ka ɲɛsin fɛnɲɛnamafagalan ka pH fɔlɔ nɔ ma, ja 6d b’a jira ko FA ni FS ta la, CaCO3 sɔrɔli sera a hakɛ cayalenba ma pH 7. Nin kɔlɔsili in bɛ bɛn ni kalan tɛmɛnenw ye minnu b’a jira ko FDH anzimuw bɛ sabati kosɛbɛ pH 7-6,7 la. Nka, AA ni AS ta la, CaCO3 sanji hakɛ cayara ni pH tɛmɛna 7. Kalan tɛmɛnenw fana y’a jira ko pH hakɛ ɲuman min bɛ CoA anzimu baara la, o bɛ bɔ 8 la ka se 9,2-6,8 ma. Ni an y’a jateminɛ ko pH hakɛ ɲumanw CoA anzimu baara ni B. amyloliquefaciens ka bonya ye (8-9,2) ani (6-8) ye (Ja 5a), AA furakɛli pH ɲuman bɛna kɛ 8 ye, wa pH hakɛ fila bɛ ɲɔgɔn dafa. O ko in tiɲɛna ni kɔrɔbɔliw ye, i n’a fɔ a jiralen bɛ cogo min na ja 6d kɔnɔ. Ikomi pH ɲuman min bɛ B. subtilis falenni na, o ye 7-9 ye (Ja 5b) ani pH ɲuman min bɛ CoA anzimu baara la, o la, CaCO3 sanji sɔrɔli hakɛ cayalenba bɛ kɛ pH 8-9 kɔnɔ, o min bɛ tiɲɛ ja 6d fɛ (o kɔrɔ ye ko sanji pH ɲuman ye 9 ye). Jateminɛ minnu jiralen don ja 6e kɔnɔ, olu b’a jira ko kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ jilama ni banakisɛfagalan hakɛ ɲuman ye 1 ye asetati ni foromati jilama fila bɛɛ la. Walasa ka ɲɔgɔn sanga, furakisɛ suguya wɛrɛw (i n’a fɔ AA, AS, FA, ani FS) baarakɛcogo jateminɛna ka da CaCO3 sɔrɔli hakɛ caya kan cogoya wɛrɛw la (o kɔrɔ ye ko kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ hakɛ, kɛnɛya waati, OD, kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ ni banakisɛ furaji hakɛ, ani pH fɔlɔ). Furakɛcogo minnu sɛgɛsɛgɛra, furakɛli FS de ye CaCO3 sɔrɔ ka caya, o bɛ se ka kɛ furakɛli AA ta siɲɛ saba ɲɔgɔn ye (Jaa 6f). Banakisɛ tɛ minnu na, olu kɛlɛli kɔlɔsili naani kɛra kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ fila bɛɛ la ani CaCO3 sanji ma kɔlɔsi tile 30 kɔfɛ.
Furakɛcogo bɛɛ ja minnu kɛra ni mikroskɔpi ye, olu y’a jira ko vaterite de ye karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔba ye (Jaa 7). Vaterite kristalɛw tun ye sɛrɛkili ye69,70,71. A jirala ko karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu bɛ jigin banakisɛw ka seliluw kan bawo banakisɛw sanfɛla tun bɛ charge négative la, wa a bɛ se ka kɛ adsorbant ye kation divalents (kation divalent) la. Ni an ye furakɛlicogo FS ta ka kɛ misali ye nin ɲinini in na, sanga 24 tɛmɛnen kɔfɛ, karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu y’a daminɛ ka kɛ banakisɛ dɔw kan (Jaa 7a), ani lɛri 48 kɔfɛ, banakisɛfagalan minnu datugulen don ni karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu ye, olu hakɛ cayara kosɛbɛ. Ka fara o kan, i n’a fɔ a jiralen bɛ cogo min na ja 7b na, vaterite fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw fana tun bɛ se ka sɔrɔ. A laban na, sanga 72 tɛmɛnen kɔfɛ, a kɛra i n’a fɔ banakisɛ caman sirilen don vaterite kristalɛw fɛ, wa vaterite fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw hakɛ cayara kosɛbɛ (Jaa 7c).
CaCO3 sanjiko kɔlɔsili FS furakisɛw la waati kɔnɔ: (a) 24, (b) 48 ani (c) 72 h.
Walasa ka fasa jalen cogoya sɛgɛsɛgɛ ka taa a fɛ, muguw sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛra ni X-ray diffraction (XRD) ni SEM ye. XRD spectres (Ja 8a) ani SEM micrographs (Ja 8b, c) ye vaterite kristalɛw sɔrɔli dafa, bawo u cogoya tun bɛ i n’a fɔ salati ani bɛnkan dɔ kɔlɔsira vaterite kuluw ni sanji kuncɛw cɛ.
(a) CaCO3 ni vaterite dilannenw ka difraction spectres X-rays sumalen. Vaterite ka SEM mikrografu minnu bɛ (b) 1 kHz ani (c) 5,27 kHz bonya la, olu kelen-kelen bɛɛ.
Fiɲɛbɔlan sɛgɛsɛgɛliw jaabiw jiralen bɛ ja 9a, b kɔnɔ. A bɛ se ka ye ja 9a la ko cɛncɛn furakɛbali ka bɔgɔbɔli teliya (TDV) bɛ se mɛtɛrɛ 4,32 ɲɔgɔn ma. Ni a kɛli hakɛ ye 1 l/m2 ye (Ja 9a), dugukolo bɔnɛ hakɛ layiniw jiginni minnu bɛ kɛ tilayɔrɔba FA, FS, AA ani UMC la, olu ni dunun furakɛbaliw ta bɛ bɛn ɲɔgɔn ma. O b’a jira ko furakɛli min bɛ kɛ nin kɛcogo in na, o tɛ nafa sɔrɔ wa ni fiɲɛ teliya tɛmɛna TDV kan dɔrɔn, dugukolo kuru finman bɛ tunu ani ko dununw sɔgɔli hakɛ bɛ kɛ kelen ye ni dunun furakɛbali ye. AS tilayɔrɔba fana ka erosion slope fana ka dɔgɔn ka tɛmɛ fraction tɔw kan minnu ka abscissas duguma (o kɔrɔ ye ko TDV) (Jaa 9a). Jaa 9b kɔnɔ, jiribolo minnu bɛ yen, olu b’a jira ko fiɲɛ teliya hakɛ min bɛ se mɛtɛrɛ 25 ma, o ma kɛ dununw furakɛlenw na ni u tali hakɛ ye l/m2 2 ni 3 ye. O kɔrɔ ye ko FS, FA, AS ani UMC ta la, dununw tun bɛ se ka fiɲɛ sɔgɔli kunbɛn kosɛbɛ min bɛ sɔrɔ CaCO3 bilali fɛ ni u kɛcogo hakɛ ye 2 ani 3 l/m2 ye ka tɛmɛ fiɲɛ teliya hakɛ kan (o kɔrɔ ye ko 25 m/s). O la, TDV hakɛ min ye mɛtɛrɛ 25 ye, n’o sɔrɔla nin sɛgɛsɛgɛli ninnu na, o ye dan dɔgɔman ye baarakɛcogo hakɛw la minnu jiralen don ja 9b kɔnɔ, fo AA, n’a bɔra AA la, yɔrɔ min na TDV bɛ ɲini ka bɛn fiɲɛbɔlan teliya hakɛ danma ma.
Fiɲɛ sɔgɔli sɛgɛsɛgɛli (a) Kisɛ hakɛ dɔgɔyali ni fiɲɛ teliya ye (a tali hakɛ 1 l/m2), (b) Dakun tigɛli teliya ni a tali hakɛ ni a kɛcogo (CA ye asetati kalisiyɔmu ye, CF ye kalisiyɔmu foromati ye).
Jaa 10 bɛ cɛncɛnw sanfɛla sɔgɔli jira minnu furakɛra ni furakɛlicogo wɛrɛw ye ani u kɛcogo hakɛ cɛncɛn binkanni sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɔfɛ ani hakɛ jateminɛw jiralen don ja 11 na. Ko min ma furakɛ, o ma jira bawo a ma se ka a yɛrɛ tanga, wa a sɔgɔra pewu (masasi bɛɛ bɔnɛna) cɛncɛn bɔnbɔn sɛgɛsɛgɛli senfɛ. A jɛlen don ka bɔ ja 11 na ko misali min furakɛra ni biyokompozisiyɔn AA ye, o bɔnɛna a girinya la 83,5% ni a tali hakɛ ye 2 l/m2 ye k’a sɔrɔ sɛgɛsɛgɛli tɔw bɛɛ y’a jira ko a ma se 30% ma, cɛncɛn binkanni senfɛ. Ni dɔ farala a tali hakɛ kan ka se 3 l/m2 ma, furakɛli kɛlenw bɛɛ girinya dɔgɔyara ka tɛmɛ 25% kan. A kɛcogo fila bɛɛ la, FS faralen ɲɔgɔn kan, o y’a jira ko a bɛ se ka cɛncɛn bɔnbɔnw kɛlɛ cogo ɲuman na. FS ni AA furakɛlenw ka bɔnbɔnw kɛlɛli hakɛ cayalenba ni a dɔgɔyalenba bɛ se ka bɔ u ka CaCO3 sanji hakɛ cayalenba ni a dɔgɔyalenba la (Jaa 6f).
Cɛmancɛ-yɔrɔw bombe-ci jaabiw, minnu danfaralen don ni jibɔ hakɛ ye 2 ani 3 l/m2 (tɛgɛw bɛ fiɲɛ sira jira, kuruwa bɛ fiɲɛ sira jira min bɛ tilennen ja in plan ma).
I n’a fɔ a jiralen bɛ cogo min na ja 12 na, furakisɛw bɛɛ ka karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu hakɛ cayara ni u tali hakɛ cayara ka bɔ 1 L/m2 na ka se 3 L/m2 ma. Ka fara o kan, a kɛcogo bɛɛ la, furakisɛ min ka kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni hakɛ ka ca, o tun ye FS ye, o kɔfɛ, FA ni UMC. O b’a jira ko nin formula ninnu bɛ se ka kɛ ni surface resistance ye ka tɛmɛ.
Jaa 13a bɛ dugukolo furakɛbaliw, minnu kɔlɔsira ani minnu furakɛra, olu ka sanfɛla kunbɛncogo caman yeli jira, minnu suman ni permeamètre sɛgɛsɛgɛli ye. Nin ja in na, a jɛlen don ko UMC, AS, FA ani FS furakisɛw sanfɛla kɛlɛli cayara kosɛbɛ ni u tali hakɛ cayara. Nka, dɔ farali sanfɛla fanga kan, o tun ka dɔgɔ kosɛbɛ AA furakɛli la. I n’a fɔ a jiralen bɛ cogo min na ja in na, MICP minnu tɛ urea tiɲɛ, olu ka FA ni FS furakɛlicogo ka fisa ni u sanfɛla ye ni u ni MICP min tiɲɛna urea fɛ. Jaa 13b bɛ TDV caman yeli jira ni dugukolo sanfɛla kɛlɛli ye. Nin ja in na, a jɛlen don ko dununw minnu sanfɛla ka se ka tɛmɛ kPa 100 kan, dakunw bɔli teliya bɛna tɛmɛ mɛtɛrɛ 25 kan. Ikomi in situ dugukolo sanfɛla kɛlɛli bɛ se ka suman nɔgɔya la ni permeamètre ye, o dɔnniya bɛ se ka dɛmɛ don ka TDV jateminɛ fiɲɛbɔlan sɛgɛsɛgɛli tɛ yen, o la, a bɛ kɛ jogoɲini jiralan ye foro kɔnɔ baarakɛcogo la.
SEM jaabiw jiralen don ja 14 na. Jaa 14a-b bɛ dugukolo furakɛbaliw ka fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw bonyalenw jira, o b’a jira ka jɛya ko a bɛ ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ, wa a tɛ siri ni siman ye. Jaa 14c bɛ SEM mikrogafe jira, min ye kɔrɔsilikɛlan ye min furakɛra ni MICP ye min tiɲɛna ni urea ye. Nin ja in bɛ CaCO3 jalenw sɔrɔli jira i n’a fɔ kalisiti polimɔriw. I n’a fɔ a jiralen bɛ cogo min na ja 14d-o kɔnɔ, CaCO3 jalen bɛ fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw siri ɲɔgɔn na; vaterite kristalɛ sɛrɛkiliw fana bɛ se ka dɔn SEM mikrografuw kɔnɔ. Nin ɲinini in jaabiw ni kalan tɛmɛnenw y’a jira ko CaCO3 jɛɲɔgɔnya minnu bɛ dilan i n’a fɔ vaterite polimorfiw, olu fana bɛ se ka masin fanga bɛnnen di; an ka jaabiw b’a jira ko dugukolo sanfɛla kɛlɛli bɛ bonya ka se 350 kPa ma ani dakun danfara teliya bɛ bonya ka bɔ 4,32 na ka tɛmɛ 25 m/s kan. Nin jaabi in bɛ bɛn kalan tɛmɛnenw jaabiw ma, minnu b’a jira ko MICP ka CaCO3 min bɛ ja, o matiriyali ye vaterite ye, min fanga ka bon ni masin ye ani min bɛ se ka fiɲɛ sɔgɔli kunbɛn13,40, wa a bɛ se ka fiɲɛ sɔgɔli kunbɛncogo ɲuman mara hali ni a kɛra tile 180 ye foro sigida cogoyaw la
(a, b) SEM mikorografu minnu bɛ dugukolo saniyabali kan, (c) MICP urea tiɲɛni kɔlɔsili, (df) AA furakɛli kɛlenw, (gi) AS furakɛlenw, (jl) FA furakɛlenw, ani (mo) FS furakɛlenw, ni u kɛcogo hakɛ ye 3 L/m2 ye, ni u bonyacogo tɛ kelen ye.
Jaa 14d-f b’a jira ko furakɛli kɔfɛ ni AA furakisɛw ye, karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu (kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni) bɛ ja sanfɛ ani cɛncɛn kisɛw cɛ, ka sɔrɔ cɛncɛn kisɛ dɔw fana kɔlɔsira minnu ma datugu. AS yɔrɔw ta fan fɛ, hali ni CaCO3 hakɛ min dilannen don, o ma caya kosɛbɛ (Ja 6f), cɛncɛn kisɛw ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ jɛɲɔgɔnya hakɛ min bɛ sɔrɔ CaCO3 fɛ, o cayara kosɛbɛ ni i y’a suma ni AA fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw ye (Ja 14g-i).
Ka bɔ ja 14j-l ni 14m-o la, a jɛlen don ko kalisiyɔmu foromati kɛli ka kɛ kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ ye, o bɛ na ni dɔ farali ye CaCO3 sanjiko la ni i y’a suma ni AS faralen ye, o min bɛ bɛn kalisiyɔmu jateminɛni sumanikɛlanw ma ja 6f kɔnɔ. A bɛ iko nin CaCO3 wɛrɛ in bɛ bila cɛncɛnw kan kosɛbɛ, wa a tɛ kɛ sababu ye ka ɲɔgɔnkanu kɛcogo ɲɛ. O bɛ kɛwale kɔlɔsilen in sinsin ka tɛmɛ : hali ni danfara bɛ CaCO3 sanji hakɛ la (Ja 6f), furakɛli saba ninnu (AS, FA ani FS) tɛ danfaraba don eolian kɛlɛli (fiɲɛ) baarakɛcogo la (Ja 11) ani dugukolo sanfɛla kɛlɛli siratigɛ la (Ja 13a).
Walasa ka banakisɛw ka seliluw ye minnu datugulen don ni CaCO3 ye ani banakisɛw taamasiyɛn minnu bɛ kristalɛ jalenw kan, olu ye SEM mikrografuw ta minnu bonya ka bon, wa u jaabiw jiralen bɛ ja 15. I n’a fɔ a jiralen bɛ cogo min na, karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu bɛ bɔn banakisɛw ka seliluw kan, ka nukiliw di minnu ka kan ka kɛ sanjiko la yen. Jaa in fana bɛ jɛɲɔgɔnya baarakɛtaw ni baarakɛbaliw jira minnu bɛ sɔrɔ CaCO3 fɛ. A bɛ se ka fɔ ko dɔ farali o dɔ farala jɛɲɔgɔnya baarakɛbaliw kan, o tɛ na ni ɲɛtaa wɛrɛw ye masinw kɛcogo la. O la, CaCO3 sanji caya tɛ kɛ sababu ye ka masin fanga bonya ani sanjiko cogoya jɔyɔrɔ ka bon. O hakilina in fana kalanna Terzis ni Laloui72 ani Soghi ni Al-Kabani ka baara la45,73. Walasa ka jɛɲɔgɔnya sɛgɛsɛgɛ ka taa a fɛ sanjiko cogoya ni masin fanga cɛ, MICP kalanw ka kan ka kɛ ni μCT ja ye, o min bɛ nin kalan in kɔnɔ (o kɔrɔ ye ka kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔyɔrɔ ni banakisɛw faralen ɲɔgɔn kan cogoya wɛrɛw don MICP la min tɛ amoniyɔmu sɔrɔ).
CaCO3 ye jɛɲɔgɔnya baarakɛtaw ni baarakɛbaliw lawuli sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛlenw na minnu furakɛra ni (a) AS kɛcogo ye ani (b) FS danfara ani ka banakisɛw ka selilɛriw nɔ bila bɔgɔdaga kan.
I n’a fɔ a jiralen bɛ cogo min na ja 14j-o ni 15b la, CaCO filimu bɛ yen (ka kɛɲɛ ni EDX sɛgɛsɛgɛli ye, filimu kɔnɔfɛn kelen-kelen bɛɛ lajɛlen kɛmɛsarada la, o ye karɔbɔni 11% ye, ɔkisizɛni 46,62% ani kalisiyɔmu 42,39%, o bɛ surunya kosɛbɛ CaCO kɛmɛsarada la ja 16 kɔnɔ). Nin filimu in bɛ vaterite kristalɛw ni dugukolo fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw datugu, o bɛ dɛmɛ don ka dugukolo-nɔgɔ sigicogo dafalen mara. Nin filimu in sɔrɔli kɔlɔsira dɔrɔn sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛlenw na minnu furakɛra ni furakɛlicogo ye min sinsinnen bɛ fɔmati kan.
Tablo 2 bɛ dugukolo sanfɛla fanga, dakun bɔli teliya, ani CaCO3 hakɛ biyo-induite suma ɲɔgɔn na, bɔgɔ minnu furakɛra ni MICP siraw ye minnu bɛ urea tiɲɛ ani minnu tɛ urea tiɲɛ kalan tɛmɛnenw na ani nin kalan in na. Kɔlɔsili minnu kɛra fiɲɛbɔli kunbɛnni kan, n’olu ye MICP furakɛli kɛ dununw tacogo la, olu dan ye. Meng ni a ɲɔgɔnnaw. sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛra fiɲɛbɔlan minnu furakɛra ni MICP ye, olu minnu bɛ urea tiɲɛ, olu ka fiɲɛbɔli kunbɛncogo sɛgɛsɛgɛ ni furabulu fiyɛlan ye,13 k’a sɔrɔ nin kalan in kɔnɔ, dununw tacogo minnu tɛ urea tiɲɛ (ani urea tiɲɛni kunbɛncogo fana) sɛgɛsɛgɛra fiɲɛbɔlan kɔnɔ, ka furakɛ ni banakisɛw ni fɛn suguya naani ye minnu faralen don ɲɔgɔn kan.
I n’a fɔ a bɛ se ka ye cogo min na, kalan tɛmɛnen dɔw y’a jateminɛ ko furakɛli hakɛ caman bɛ tɛmɛ 4 L/m213,41,74 kan. A ka kan ka kɔlɔsi ko a tali hakɛ caman bɛ se ka kɛ ko a tɛ se ka kɛ nɔgɔya la foro kɔnɔ sɔrɔko siratigɛ la, k’a sababu kɛ musakaw ye minnu bɛ tali kɛ jiko, bolifɛnw ani ji hakɛ caman tali la. A kɛcogo dɔgɔyali i n’a fɔ 1,62-2 L/m2 fana ye dugukolo fanga ɲumanba sɔrɔ min bɛ se kPa 190 ma ani TDV min tɛmɛna mɛtɛrɛ 25 kan. Nin kalan in kɔnɔ, dunun minnu furakɛra ni MICP ye min sinsinnen bɛ foromati kan, k’a sɔrɔ u ma urea tiɲɛ, olu ye sanfɛla fanga caman sɔrɔ minnu bɛ se ka suma ni minnu sɔrɔla ni urea tiɲɛni sira ye, u kɛcogo hakɛ kelen na (o kɔrɔ ye ko, misali minnu furakɛra ni MICP ye min sinsinnen bɛ foromati kan, n’u ma urea tiɲɛ, olu fana sera ka sanfɛla fanga hakɛ kelen sɔrɔ i n’a fɔ Meng ni a ɲɔgɔnnaw y’a fɔ cogo min na, 13, ja 13a) la ɲininiw hakɛ cayalenba. A bɛ se ka ye fana ko ni a tali hakɛ ye 2 L/m2 ye, karɔbɔni kalisiyɔmu sɔrɔta fiɲɛbɔli nɔgɔyali la fiɲɛ teliya la min ye mɛtɛrɛ 25 ye, o kɛra 2,25% ye MICP min sinsinnen bɛ foromati kan, n’a ma kɛ ni urea tiɲɛni ye, o bɛ surunya kosɛbɛ CaCO3 hakɛ wajibiyalen na (o kɔrɔ ye ko 2,41%) ni i y’a suma ni dununw ye minnu furakɛra ni MICP kɔrɔsilen ye ni urea tiɲɛni ye o kɛcogo kelen na hakɛ ni fiɲɛ teliya kelen (25 m/s).
O la, a bɛ se ka fɔ ka bɔ nin ja in na ko urea tiɲɛni sira ni urea tɛ min na, olu bɛɛ bɛ se ka baara kɛcogo ɲuman di kosɛbɛ dugukolo sanfɛla kɛlɛli ni TDV siratigɛ la. Danfaraba min bɛ u ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ, o ye ko urea tɛ min na, o tiɲɛni sira tɛ amoniyɔmu sɔrɔ, o de kama a bɛ sigida laminiko nɔ dɔgɔya. Ka fara o kan, a bɛ iko MICP fɛɛrɛ min sinsinnen bɛ foromati kan, n’a tɛ urea tiɲɛ, n’o fɔra nin kalan in kɔnɔ, o bɛ baara kɛ ka ɲɛ ka tɛmɛ MICP fɛɛrɛ kan min sinsinnen bɛ asetati kan, n’a tɛ urea tiɲɛ. Hali ni Mohebbi ni a ɲɔgɔnnaw. ye MICP fɛɛrɛ sɛgɛsɛgɛ min sinsinnen bɛ asetati kan k’a sɔrɔ urea ma tiɲɛ, u ka kalan kɛra ni fɛnw ye minnu bɛ yɔrɔ flakɛlenw kan9. K’a sababu kɛ bɔgɔbɔgɔli hakɛ cayalenba ye min bɛ sɔrɔ jikuruw bɔli fɛ dununw ka misaliw lamini na ani sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ min bɛ sɔrɔ o la, o min bɛ na ni TDV dɔgɔyali ye, a jirala ko dununw sɛgɛsɛgɛliw fiɲɛbɔli bɛna jɛya ka tɛmɛ dugukolo flakɛlenw ta kan ni teliya kelen ye.