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Nafa passivation kɛra baarakɛminɛn ye kosɛbɛ walasa ka plɔmu triyodide perovskite tile selilɛriw ka baara kɛcogo ɲɛ, nka nafama suguya caman nɔ min bɛ α-phase sabatili la, o ma jɛya hali bi Yan, ni density functional theory ye, an bɛ foromamidini plɔmu triyodidi perovskite tiɲɛni sira dɔn siɲɛ fɔlɔ ka bɔ α-fase la ka taa δ-fase la ani ka nafa suguya caman nɔ sɛgɛsɛgɛ fasa jiginni fanga barika la. Similayi jaabiw b’a jira ko iyode lakolonw ka teli ka kɛ sababu ye ka tiɲɛni kɛ bawo u bɛ fanga barika dɔgɔya kosɛbɛ α-δ fasa jiginni na ani u ka dilan fanga ka dɔgɔn kosɛbɛ perovskite sanfɛ. Oxalate plɔmu min tɛ ji la, o camanba dɔ donli perovskite sanfɛ, o bɛ α-fasa tiɲɛni bali kosɛbɛ, ka iyode jiginni ni a wulicogo bali. Ka fara o kan, nin fɛɛrɛ in bɛ dɔ bɔ kosɛbɛ interfacial nonradiative recombination la ani ka dɔ fara tile selilɛriw ka baarakɛcogo ɲuman kan ka se 25,39% ma (a sɛgɛsɛgɛra 24,92%). Minɛn min ma pake, o bɛ se k’a ka baarakɛcogo fɔlɔ 92% mara hali bi, a kɛlen kɔ ka baara kɛ ni fanga camanba ye sanga 550 kɔnɔ, fiɲɛbɔlan 1,5 G simulated (fiɲɛ hakɛ simulate) kɔnɔ.
Perovskite tile selilɛriw (PSC) ka fanga jiginni nafama (PCE) sera hakɛ la min sɛgɛsɛgɛra, n’o ye 26%1 ye. Kabini san 2015, bi PSCw ye foromamidini triyodidi perovskite (FAPbI3) fɛ ka kɛ yeelen minɛyɔrɔ ye k’a sababu kɛ a ka funteni sabatili ɲuman ye ani a ka bandgap ka fisa ka surunya Shockley-Keisser dan na min ye 2,3,4 ye. A fɔ man di nka, FAPbI3 filimuw bɛ fasa jiginni kɛ thermodynamique la ka bɔ α fasa nɛrɛma na ka taa fasa jɛman na min tɛ perovskite δ ye so funteni na5,6. Walasa ka delta fasa sɔrɔli bali, perovskite (perovskite) kɛcogo gɛlɛn suguya caman Dabɔra. Fɛɛrɛ min ka teli ka kɛ walasa ka nin gɛlɛya in kunbɛn, o ye ka FAPbI3 ɲagami ni metil amoniyɔmu (MA+), seziyɔmu (Cs+) ani bromu (Br-) ionw faralen ye ɲɔgɔn kan7,8,9. Nka, perovskite hybrides bɛ tɔɔrɔ ni bandgap broadening ni photoinduced phase separation ye, o minnu bɛ PSCw sɔrɔlenw ka baarakɛcogo n’u baarakɛcogo sabatili tiɲɛ10,11,12.
Kɔsa in na, sɛgɛsɛgɛliw y’a jira ko FAPbI3 kristali kelen saniyalen ni doping si tɛ a la, o sabatili ka ɲi kosɛbɛ k’a sababu kɛ a ka kristali ɲuman ye ani a ka fiɲɛ dɔgɔyali13,14. O la, ka fiɲɛw dɔgɔya ni dɔ farali ye FAPbI3 caman ka kristali kan, o ye fɛɛrɛ nafama ye walasa ka PSCw sɔrɔ minnu bɛ baara kɛ ka ɲɛ ani minnu bɛ sabati2,15. Nka, FAPbI3 PSC baarakɛtuma na, tiɲɛni bɛ se ka kɛ hali bi ka se δ fasa jɛman jɛman ma min tɛ perovskite ye16. A ka c’a la, o baara bɛ daminɛ yɔrɔw ni sumanw dancɛw la minnu ka teli ka ji, funteni ani yeelen sɔrɔ ka da yɔrɔ nafama caman sɔrɔli kan17. O la, surface/grain passivation ka kan ka kɛ walasa ka FAPbI318 fasa nɛrɛma sabati. Nafabaliya pasifasiyɔn fɛɛrɛ caman, i n’a fɔ perovskite minnu ka dɔgɔn, asidi-base Lewis mɔlikuluw, ani halidi amoniyɔmu kɔgɔw donli, olu ye ɲɛtaa caman sɔrɔ fɔrmamidini PSCw la19,20,21,22. Fɔ ka na se bi ma, a bɛ se ka fɔ ko kalan bɛɛ sinsinnen bɛ nafamafɛn suguya caman jɔyɔrɔ kan ɲɛkisɛ-ɛlektroniki nafaw dɔnni na i n’a fɔ tabaga seginni, yaala janya ani bandi jɔcogo tile selilɛriw kɔnɔ22,23,24. Misali la, density functional theory (DFT) bɛ kɛ ka teori la ka formation energies ni trapping energy levels fɔ nafama suguya caman na, o min bɛ kɛ ka caya walasa ka practical passivation design ɲɛminɛ20,25, Ni fiɲɛ hakɛ bɛ dɔgɔya, a ka c’a la, minɛn in sabatili bɛ ɲɛ. Nka, fɔrmamidini PSCw la, nafamafɛn suguya caman bɛ se ka nɔ min bila fasa sabatili la ani fototalan nafaw la, olu ka kan ka kɛ danfara ye pewu. An ka dɔnniya la, faamuyali jɔnjɔn min bɛ sɔrɔ cogo min na, fiɲɛw bɛ fasa jiginni kɛ kubiki ka taa kɛkɔn wɔɔrɔ la (α-δ) ani surface passivation jɔyɔrɔ α-FAPbI3 perovskite fasa sabatili la, o ma faamuya kosɛbɛ hali bi.
Yan, an bɛ FAPbI3 perovskite tiɲɛni sira jira ka bɔ α-fase nɛrɛma na ka taa δ-fase jɛman na ani nafa suguya caman nɔ min bɛ α-ka taa δ-fase jiginni fanga barika la DFT fɛ. I yɔrɔ lakolonw, minnu bɛ sɔrɔ nɔgɔya la filimu dilanni ni minɛnw baara waati, a fɔra ko olu de bɛna α-δ fasa jiginni daminɛ kosɛbɛ. O de kama, an ye plɔmu oxalate (PbC2O4) camanba dɔ don FAPbI3 sanfɛ min tɛ ji la ani min bɛ sabati kemikaliya siratigɛ la, o kɛra in situ reaction fɛ. Plomb oxalate surface (LOS) bɛ I yɔrɔ lakolonw sɔrɔli bali ani ka I ionw ka jiginni bali ni funteni, yeelen ani kuran forow ye u lawuli. LOS min bɛ sɔrɔ o la, o bɛ dɔ bɔ kosɛbɛ interfacial nonradiative recombination la, ka FAPbI3 PSC baarakɛcogo ɲɛ ka se 25,39% ma (a sɛgɛsɛgɛra ka se 24,92% ma). LOS minɛn min ma pake, o y’a ka baarakɛcogo fɔlɔ 92% mara, a kɛlen kɔ ka baara kɛ fanga hakɛ danmadɔ la (MPP) sanga 550 ni kɔ kɔnɔ, fiɲɛ hakɛ simulalen (AM) la, n’o ye 1,5 G ye.
An ye jatebla fɔlɔw Kɛ ab initio walasa ka FAPbI3 perovskite ka tiɲɛni sira Sɔrɔ ka Tɛmɛ ka Bɔ α fasa la ka Taa δ fasa la. Fasa jiginni taabolo ɲɛfɔlen dɔ sababu fɛ, a jirala ko fɛn caman tigɛli ka bɔ nkɔni saba-fasa [PbI6] kɔnɔ FAPbI3 ka α-fase kubik la ka taa dakun kelen-kelen dakun-fasa [PbI6] octahedron na FAPbI3 ka δ-fasa hexagonal kɔnɔ, o bɛ sɔrɔ. kari 9. Pb-I bɛ jɛɲɔgɔnya kɛ sen fɔlɔ la (Int-1), wa a fanga barika bɛ se 0,62 eV/cell ma, i n’a fɔ a jiralen bɛ cogo min na ja 1a kɔnɔ. Ni octahedron bε Yεlεma [0\(\bar{1}\)1] sira fɛ, cakɛda surun wɔɔrɔ bɛ bonya ka Bɔ 1×1 na ka Taa 1×3, 1×4 la, ka laban ka Dòn δ fasa la. Sira bɛɛ ɲɛsincogo hakɛ ye (011)α//(001)δ + [100]α//[100]δ ye. Ka bɔ fanga tilali ja la, a bɛ se ka ye ko FAPbI3 ka δ fasa nukiliya kɔfɛ nin dakun nataw la, fanga barika bɛ dɔgɔya ka tɛmɛ α fasa jiginni kan, o kɔrɔ ye ko fasa jiginni bɛna teliya. A jɛlen don ko fasa jiginni kɔlɔsili fɛɛrɛ fɔlɔ nafa ka bon kosɛbɛ n’an b’a fɛ ka α-fasa tiɲɛni bali.
a Fasa jiginni taabolo ka bɔ numan fɛ ka taa kinin fɛ – FAPbI3 fasa nɛrɛma (α-fasa), Pb-I jɛɲɔgɔnya fɔlɔ (Int-1) ani Pb-I jɛɲɔgɔnya tigɛcogo wɛrɛ (Int-2, Int -3 ani Int -4) ani fasa jɛman FAPbI3 (delta fasa). b Fanga barika minnu bɛ FAPbI3 ka α ka taa δ fasa jiginni na ka da yɔrɔ kɔnɔna nafama suguya caman kan. Layini nɔrɔlen bɛ kristalɛ ɲuman (0,62 eV) fanga barika jira. c Poyi fɔlɔ nafamafɛnw sɔrɔli fanga ye plɔmu perovskite sanfɛ. Abscissa axis ye α-δ fasa jiginni fanga barika ye, ani ordinate axis ye defects formation fanga ye. Yɔrɔ minnu bɛ sumaya ni nɛrɛmuguma, jɛman ani jɛman ye, olu ye suguya fɔlɔ ye (EB ka dɔgɔn FE ka bon), suguya filanan (FE ka bon) ani suguya sabanan (EB dɔgɔman-FE dɔgɔman), olu kelen-kelen bɛɛ. d FAPbI3 nafamafɛnw sɔrɔli fanga VI ni LOS kɔlɔsili la. e I barika ionw jiginni na FAPbI3 kɔlɔsili ni LOS la. f – I ionw (sɛrɛw oranjɛ) ni gLOS FAPbI3 (gris, plɔmb; violet (orange), iyode (yode mobili)) ka jiginni jiracogo schematiki la gf control kɔnɔ (numan fɛ: sanfɛla lajɛ; kinin fɛ: cross section, brown) karɔbɔni; bulu jɛman – azote ; bilenman – oksizɛni; pinki jɛman – idɔrɔzi). Source data bɛ di source data files cogo la.
O kɔfɛ, an ye yɔrɔ kɔnɔna nafama suguya caman nɔfɛkow sɛgɛsɛgɛ cogo labɛnnen na (PbFA, IFA, PbI, ani IPb antisite occupancy; Pbi ni Ii interstitial atoms; ani VI, VFA, ani VPb vacancies), minnu jatera ko u ye fɛnba ye. minnu bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka atomi ni fanga hakɛ fasa tiɲɛni kɛ, olu jiralen don ja 1b la ani jatebɔsen 1. A nafa ka bon kosɛbɛ, ko fiɲɛ bɛɛ tɛ dɔ bɔ α-δ fasa jiginni fanga barika la (Ja 1b). An dalen b’a la ko nafamafɛn minnu ka jɔli fanga ka dɔgɔ ani α-δ fasa jiginni fanga barika dɔgɔyalenw, olu jate bɛ tiɲɛni kɛ fasa sabatili la. I n’a fɔ a fɔra cogo min na ka tɛmɛ, a ka ca a la, plɔmu bɛ yɔrɔ minnu na, olu bɛ jate ko u bɛ se ka kɛ foromamidini PSC27 la. O la, an b’an sinsin PbI2-terminated (100) surface kan, plɔmu bɛ yɔrɔ minnu na. Surface intrinsic point defects ka defect formation energy jiralen don ja 1c la ani Supplementaire 1. Ka da fanga barika (EB) ani phase transition formation energy (FE) kan, o nafamafɛnw bɛ tila suguya saba ye. Sugu fɔlɔ (EB-high FE dɔgɔya): Hali ni IPb, VFA ani VPb bɛ fanga barika dɔgɔya kosɛbɛ fasa jiginni na, u ka sɛnɛ fanga ka bon. O la, an dalen b’a la ko nin nafamafɛn suguya ninnu bɛ dan Kɛ fasa-tɛmɛsiraw la bari u man teli ka Sɔrɔ. Sugu II (EB caman): K’a sababu kɛ α-δ fasa jiginni fanga barika ɲɛnabɔlen ye, yɔrɔ kɛlɛli nafama PbI, IFA ani PbFA tɛ α-FAPbI3 perovskite fasa sabatili tiɲɛ. Sugu III (EB dɔgɔya-FE dɔgɔya): VI, Ii ani Pbi nafamafɛnw ni u dilanni fanga ka dɔgɔn kosɛbɛ, olu bɛ se ka kɛ sababu ye ka fasa nɛrɛma tiɲɛni kɛ. Kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenya la, n’an y’a jateminɛ ko FE ni EB VI ka dɔgɔn, an dalen b’a la ko fɛɛrɛ min bɛ se ka kɛ kosɛbɛ, o ye ka dɔ bɔ I jɔyɔrɔ lakolonw na.
Walasa ka VI dɔgɔya, an ye PbC2O4 sɔgɔlen dɔ labɛn walasa ka FAPbI3 sanfɛla ɲɛ. Ni an y’a suma ni halide organique kɔgɔ passifatɛriw ye i n’a fɔ fenitilamoniyɔmu iyodi (PEAI) ani n-oktilammoniyɔmu iyodi (OAI), PbC2O4, min tɛ halojeni ion mobili ye, o bɛ sabati kemikaliya siratigɛ la, a tɛ wuli ji la, wa a bɛ ban nɔgɔya la ni a lawulila. Perovskite sanfɛla nɔgɔ ni kuran foro sabatili ɲuman. PbC2O4 ka wulicogo ji la ye 0,00065 g/L dɔrɔn ye, o yɛrɛ ka dɔgɔn ni PbSO428 ta ye. Min nafa ka bon kosɛbɛ, o ye ko LOS layini caman ni kelen bɛ se ka labɛn ni nɔgɔya ye perovskite filimuw kan ni in situ reactions ye (aw ye sɛbɛn ɲɛ jukɔrɔ lajɛ). An ye DFT simulations kɛ FAPbI3 ni PbC2O4 cɛ jɛɲɔgɔnya siratigɛ la i n’a fɔ a jiralen bɛ cogo min na ja faralen 1 na. Tablo 2 faralen ɲɔgɔn kan, o bɛ nafamafɛnw sɔrɔli fanga jira LOS pikiri kɔfɛ. An y’a ye ko LOS tɛ dɔ fara VI nafamafɛnw jɔli fanga dɔrɔn kan ni 0,69–1,53 eV ye (Ja 1d), nka a bɛ dɔ fara I ka baarakɛcogo fanga kan fana jiginni yɔrɔ ni bɔyɔrɔ la (Ja 1e). O dakun fɔlɔ la, I ionw bɛ Taa perovskite sanfɛ, ka VI ionw To lattice jɔyɔrɔ la ni fanga barika ye 0,61 eV. LOS donna kɔfɛ, ka da stɛriki balili nɔ kan, baarakɛ fanga min bɛ I ionw ka jiginni na, o bɛ bonya ka se. 1,28 eV ye. I ion minnu bɛ bɔ perovskite sanfɛ, olu jiginni waati, fanga barika min bɛ VOC kɔnɔ, o fana ka bon ka tɛmɛ kɔrɔsili misali ta kan (Ja 1e). I ionw jiginni siraw ja minnu bɛ kɔrɔsili ni LOS FAPbI3 la, olu jiralen bɛ ja 1 f ani g kɔnɔ. Similayi jaabiw b’a jira ko LOS bɛ se ka VI nafamafɛnw sɔrɔli bali ani I ka wulicogo, o la, a bɛ α ka δ fasa jiginni bali.
Asidi ɔkisaliki ni FAPbI3 perovskite cɛ waleyali sɛgɛsɛgɛra. Asidi ɔkisaliki ni FAPbI3 jilamaw ɲagaminen kɔfɛ, ja finman caman bɛ sɔrɔ, i n’a fɔ a jiralen bɛ cogo min na ja 2 kɔnɔ. An y’a ye ko asidi ɔkisaliki bɛ se ka wuli kosɛbɛ isoporopili alikɔli (IPA) la so funteni na ni a wulicogo bɛ se miligaramu 18 ma mililitiri kelen na, i n’a fɔ a jiralen bɛ cogo min na ja faralen 5 kɔnɔ, o bɛ kɔfɛ baara nɔgɔya bawo IPA, n’o ye passifasiyɔn fura ye min bɛ kɛ tuma bɛɛ, o tɛ perovskite layini tiɲɛ waati kunkurunnin kɔfɛ O la, ni aw ye perovskite filimu su asidi ɔkisaliki jilama la walima ka asidi ɔkisaliki jilama kɛ ka a firifiri perovskite kan, PbC2O4 finman ni min ka bon, o bɛ se ka sɔrɔ joona perovskite filimu sanfɛ ka kɛɲɛ ni nin kemikaliya hakɛ ye: H2C2O4 + FAPbI3 = PbC2O4 + FAI +HI. FAI bɛ se ka wuli IPA la, o cogo la ka bɔ tobili waati. LOS girinya bɛ se ka kɔlɔsi ni farikoloɲɛnajɛ waati ni a ɲɛbila hakɛ ye.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ja minnu bɛ control ni LOS perovskite filimuw kan, olu jiralen bɛ ja 2a,b kɔnɔ. Jateminɛw y’a jira ko perovskite sanfɛla cogoya maralen don kosɛbɛ, wa fɛnɲɛnamafagalan caman bɛ bila suman sanfɛ, o ka kan ka PbC2O4 layini jira min bɛ sɔrɔ in-situ reaction fɛ. LOS perovskite filimu in ɲɛda ka nɔgɔn dɔɔni (Jaa faralen ɲɔgɔn kan 6) ani a ji bɛ ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ yɔrɔ min na, o ka bon ni a ni kɔrɔsili filimu ye (Jaa faralen 7). Microscopie électronique transmission transversale haute résolution (HR-TEM) kɛra ka fura in sanfɛla lamini danfara bɔ. Ni an y’a suma ni kɔrɔsili filimu ye (Ja 2c), fɛn finman kelen ni denso min janya bɛ se nm 10 ɲɔgɔn ma, o bɛ ye ka jɛya LOS perovskite sanfɛ (Ja 2d). Ni an bɛ baara kɛ ni dibi-yɔrɔ sɛgɛsɛgɛli ɛlektrɔniki mikroskɔpi (HAADF-STEM) ye walasa ka PbC2O4 ni FAPbI3 cɛsira sɛgɛsɛgɛ, FAPbI3 ka kristali yɔrɔw ni PbC2O4 yɔrɔw amorfuw sɔrɔli bɛ se ka kɔlɔsi ka jɛya (Jaa faralen ɲɔgɔn kan 8). Perovskite sanfɛla labɛncogo asidi ɔkisaliki furakɛli kɔfɛ, o kɛra ni X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) sumanikɛlanw ye, i n’a fɔ a jiralen bɛ cogo min na ja 2e–g kɔnɔ. Jaa 2e kɔnɔ, C 1w kuncɛyɔrɔw 284,8 eV lamini na ani 288,5 eV ye CC ni FA taamasiyɛn kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw ta ye. Ni an y’a suma ni kɔrɔsili membrane ye, LOS membrane ye sanfɛla wɛrɛ jira 289,2 eV la, o bɛ tali kɛ C2O42- la. LOS perovskite ka O 1s spektrum bɛ O 1s kuncɛ saba jira minnu tɛ kelen ye kemikaliya siratigɛ la 531,7 eV, 532,5 eV ani 533,4 eV la, o bɛ bɛn COO deprotonated ma, C=O of intact oxalate groups 30 ani O atoms of the OH component (Ja 2e). )). Kɔlɔsili misali ta fan fɛ, O 1s kuncɛ fitinin dɔrɔn de kɔlɔsira, o bɛ se ka kɛ sababu ye ka oksizɛni kemisɔrɔli sɔrɔ a sanfɛla la. Pb 4f7/2 ni Pb 4f5/2 ka kɔrɔsili membrane jogo bɛ sɔrɔ 138,4 eV ani 143,3 eV la. An y’a kɔlɔsi ko LOS perovskite bɛ Pb kuncɛyɔrɔ jiginni jira min bɛ se 0,15 eV ɲɔgɔn ma ka taa sirili fanga sanfɛ, o b’a jira ko jɛɲɔgɔnya barikama bɛ C2O42- ni Pb atomuw cɛ (Ja 2g).
a SEM ja minnu bɛ kɔrɔsili ni b LOS perovskite filimuw kan, sanfɛla lajɛ. c Kɔlɔsili ni d LOS perovskite filimuw ka ɛlektrɔniki mikroskɔpi (HR-TEM) min bɛ se ka kɛ ni sɛgɛsɛgɛli ye. XPS min ka bon kosɛbɛ e C 1s, f O 1s ani g Pb 4f perovskite filimuw la. Source data bɛ di source data files cogo la.
DFT jaabiw fɛ, a bɛ fɔ teori la ko VI dɛsɛw ni I jiginni bɛ kɛ sababu ye nɔgɔya la ka fasa jiginni kɛ ka bɔ α la ka taa δ la. Laseli tɛmɛnenw y’a jira ko I2 bɛ bɔ teliya la ka bɔ PC-based perovskite filimuw la fotota waati la, a kɛlen kɔ ka filimuw bila yeelen ni funteni degun na31,32,33. Walasa ka oxalate plɔmu ka sabatili nɔ dafa perovskite α-fase kan, an ye perovskite filimu kɔrɔlenw ni LOS su ji la gilasi buteli jɛlenw kɔnɔ, toluyɛni bɛ minnu na, ka sɔrɔ k’u yeelen ni tile yeelen 1 ye fo lɛri 24 kɔnɔ. An ye yeelen ultraviolet ni yeelen yelen (UV-Vis) minɛcogo suman. ) toluyɛni jilama, i n’a fɔ a jiralen bɛ cogo min na ja 3a kɔnɔ. Ni an y’a suma ni kɔrɔsili ta ye, I2 minɛni fanga dɔgɔyara kosɛbɛ LOS-perovskite ta la, o b’a jira ko LOS compact bɛ se ka I2 bɔli bali ka bɔ perovskite filimu na yeelen sudon waati. Kɔrɔya kɔlɔsili ni LOS perovskite filimuw ja jiralen don ja 3b ni c kɔnɔfɛnw kɔnɔ. LOS perovskite ye nɛrɛ ye hali bi, k’a sɔrɔ control film fanba kɛra jɛman ye. Filimu min bɛ su ji la, o ka UV–visible absorption spectres jiralen bɛ ja ninnu na. 3b, c. An y’a kɔlɔsi ko absorption min bɛ bɛn α ma control film kɔnɔ, o dɔgɔyara ka jɛya. X-ray sumani kɛra walasa ka kristalɛ jɔcogo jiginni sɛbɛn. Lɛrɛ 24 yeelen kɔfɛ, kɔrɔsili perovskite ye δ-fase taamasiɲɛ jɛman barikama jira (11,8°), ka sɔrɔ LOS perovskite ye fasa nɛrɛma ɲuman mara hali bi (Ja 3d).
Toluyɛni jilamaw ka UV-visible absorption spectres minnu kɔnɔ, control film ni LOS film tun bɛ su tile yeelen 1 kɔrɔ sanga 24 kɔnɔ. Inset bɛ fiyɛlilan dɔ jira, filimu kelen-kelen bɛɛ tun bɛ su toluyɛni hakɛ kelen na min kɔnɔ. b UV-Vis absorption spectres de contrôle film et c LOS film ka kɔn lɛrɛ 24 su ji la tile yeelen 1 kɔrɔ ani a kɔfɛ. Inset bɛ sɛgɛsɛgɛli filimu foto jira. d Kɔrɔsili ni LOS filimuw ka difraction X-ray (X-ray diffraction patterns) ka kɔn lɛrɛ 24 ɲɛ ani u tali kɔfɛ. SEM ja minnu bɛ control film e ni film f LOS la sanga 24 kɛlen kɔfɛ. Source data bɛ di source data files cogo la.
An ye scanning electron microscopy (SEM) sumani kɛ walasa ka perovskite filimu ka microstructural changements kɔlɔsi sanga 24 yeelen kɔfɛ, i n’a fɔ a jiralen bɛ cogo min na ja 3e,f kɔnɔ. Kɔlɔsili filimu kɔnɔ, suman belebelebaw tiɲɛna ka u tigɛli kɛ pikirijikɛlan misɛnninw ye, o bɛ bɛn δ-fasa sɔrɔfɛn FAPbI3 cogoya ma (Ja 3e). LOS filimuw ta fan fɛ, perovskite kisɛw bɛ to cogo ɲuman na (Jaa 3f). Jateminɛw y’a jira ko I bɔnɛni bɛ jiginni bila kosɛbɛ ka bɔ fasa nɛrɛma la ka taa fasa jɛman na, k’a sɔrɔ PbC2O4 bɛ fasa nɛrɛma sabati, o bɛ I bɔnɛ bali.Ikomi yɔrɔ lakolon hakɛ min bɛ sanfɛ, o ka ca kosɛbɛ ka tɛmɛ suman caman kan,34 o fasa ka teli ka kɛ suman sanfɛla la. iyode bɔli ani ka VI dilan waati kelen na. I n’a fɔ DFT y’a jira cogo min na, LOS bɛ se ka VI nafamafɛnw sɔrɔli bali ani ka I ionw ka jiginni bali ka taa perovskite sanfɛ.
Ka fara o kan, PbC2O4 layini nɔ min bɛ perovskite filimuw ka nɔgɔ kunbɛnni na fiɲɛ fiɲɛ na (nɛnɛ hakɛ 30-60%), o sɛgɛsɛgɛra. I n’a fɔ a jiralen bɛ cogo min na ja 9nan na, LOS perovskite tun bɛ nɛrɛmuguma hali bi tile 12 kɔfɛ, ka sɔrɔ a kɔlɔsili filimu kɛra jɛman ye. XRD sumanikɛlanw na, kɔrɔsili filimu bɛ a kuncɛ barikama jira 11,8° la min bɛ bɛn FAPbI3 δ fasa ma, ka sɔrɔ LOS perovskite bɛ α fasa nɛrɛma mara kosɛbɛ (Jaa faralen ɲɔgɔn kan 10).
Fotoluminesence steady-state (PL) ani photoluminescence temps-resolved (TRPL) kɛra ka plɔmu oxalate ka pasivation nɔ sɛgɛsɛgɛ perovskite sanfɛ. Jaa 4a kɔnɔ, a b’a jira ko LOS filimu ye dɔ fara PL fanga kan. PL kariti ja la, LOS filimu fanga bonya yɔrɔ bɛɛ kan min ye 10 × 10 μm2 ye, o ka bon ni kɔrɔsili filimu ta ye (Jaa faralen ɲɔgɔn kan 11), o b’a jira ko PbC2O4 bɛ perovskite filimu kɛ cogo kelen na. Tabaga ka ɲɛnamaya waati bɛ dɔn ni TRPL tiɲɛni gɛrɛgɛrɛ ye ni baarakɛcogo kelen ye min bɛ kɛ ni jatebɔ ye (Ja 4b). LOS filimu ka fɛnɲɛnamafagalan ɲɛnamaya ye 5,2 μs ye, o ka jan kosɛbɛ ka tɛmɛ kɔrɔsili filimu kan ni tabaga ɲɛnamaya ye 0,9 μs ye, o b’a jira ko surface nonradiative recombination dɔgɔyara.
PL jɔlen ani b-spectres de PL temporaire de films de perovskite sur les substrats. c SP kurulen min bɛ kɛ minɛn in na (FTO/TiO2/SnO2/perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD/Au). d EQE spectrum ni Jsc EQE spectrum faralen ɲɔgɔn kan ka bɔ minɛn na min bɛ baara kɛ kosɛbɛ. d Perovskite minɛn dɔ yeelen fanga ka da Voc ja kan. f MKRC sɛgɛsɛgɛli cogoya la ni ITO/PEDOT:PSS/perovskite/PCBM/Au dingɛ saniyaminɛn ye. VTFL ye jaan falen-falen hakɛ maksimali ye. O kunnafoniw fɛ an ye jaanw hakɛ (Nt) jate. Source data bɛ di source data files cogo la.
Walasa ka plɔmu oxalate layini nɔ min bɛ minɛnw baarakɛcogo la, o sɛgɛsɛgɛ, laadala FTO/TiO2/SnO2/perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD/Au contact structure dɔ kɛra. An bɛ foromamidini kuloridi (FACl) kɛ farali ye perovskite ɲɛbila la sanni ka kɛ metilamini kuloridi (MACl) nɔ na walasa ka minɛnw baaracogo ɲuman sɔrɔ, bawo FACl bɛ se ka kristalɛ jogo ɲuman di ani ka FAPbI335 ka bandi gap bali (aw ye ja 1 ni 2 faralen ɲɔgɔn kan walasa ka ɲɔgɔn sanga kosɛbɛ). ). 12-14 la). IPA sugandira ka kɛ furaji ye bawo a bɛ kristalɛ jogo ɲuman di ani ka ɲɛsincogo ɲuman di perovskite filimuw kɔnɔ ni i ye a suma ni diethyl ether (DE) walima chlorrobenzene (CB)36 ye (Jaa faralenw 15 ani 16). PbC2O4 girinya kɛra ka ɲɛ walasa ka defect passivation ni charge transport balansi kosɛbɛ ni asidi oxalic hakɛ ladilanni ye (Jaa faralen ɲɔgɔn kan 17). SEM ja minnu bɛ kɛ ka ɲɛsin optimisé control ni LOS minɛnw ma, olu jiralen don ja faralen 18 kɔnɔ.Typique current density (CD) curves for control and LOS devices jiralen don ja 4c kɔnɔ, ani paramètres extraits dilen don Tablo Supplémentaire 3. Maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) control cells 23,43% (22,94%), Jsc 25,75 mA cm-2 (25,74 mA cm-2), Voc 1,16 V (1,16 V) ani kɔfɛ (ɲɛfɛ) sɛgɛsɛgɛli. Fasa hakɛ (FF) ye 78,40% (76,69%) ye. PCE LOS PSC hakɛ cayalenba ye 25,39% (24,79%) ye, Jsc ye 25,77 mA cm-2 ye, Voc ye 1,18 V ye, FF ye 83,50% (81,52%) ye ka bɔ kɔfɛ (Scan ɲɛfɛ ka taa). LOS minɛn in ye fototalan baarakɛcogo sɛgɛsɛgɛlen sɔrɔ min ye 24,92% ye fototalan laboratuwari sabanan dannamɔgɔ dɔ kɔnɔ (Jaa faralen ɲɔgɔn kan 19). Kɛnɛma quantum efficiency (EQE) ye Jsc jɛlen di min ye 24,90 mA cm-2 (contrôle) ani 25,18 mA cm-2 (LOS PSC) ye, o min ni Jsc sumanlen don kosɛbɛ AM 1,5 G spectrum standard kɔnɔ (Ja .4d). ) . PCE sumanlenw jatebɔ tilatilali ka ɲɛsin kɔrɔsili ni LOS PSCw ma, o jiralen don ja 20 faralen ɲɔgɔn kan.
I n’a fɔ a jiralen bɛ cogo min na ja 4e kɔnɔ, jɛɲɔgɔnya min bɛ Voc ni yeelen fanga cɛ, o jate kɛra walasa ka PbC2O4 nɔ sɛgɛsɛgɛ jaan dɛmɛni na dugukolo kan. LOS minɛn ka layini min bɛ don a kɔnɔ, o jiginni ye 1,16 kBT/sq ye, o min ka dɔgɔ ni layini fitinin jiginni ye min bɛ kɛ kunnafonisɛbɛn na (1,31 kBT/sq), o b’a jira ko LOS nafa ka bon ka surface recombination bali ni decoys ye. An bɛ baara kɛ ni space charge current limiting (SCLC) fɛɛrɛ ye walasa ka perovskite filimu nafama hakɛ suman ni hakɛ ye, an kɛtɔ ka dingɛ minɛn dɔ dibi IV jogo suman (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD/Au) i n’a fɔ a jiralen bɛ cogo min na ja in na. 4f A jira. Jaan hakɛ jate bɛ kɛ ni formula ye Nt = 2ε0εVTFL/eL2, n’o ye ε ye perovskite filimu ka dielektriki hakɛ danfaralen ye, ε0 ye dielektriki sabatili ye min bɛ kɛ vacuum na, VTFL ye dantigɛlan ye min bɛ kɛ ka janfa fa, e ye charge ye, L ye perovskite filimu janya ye (650 nm). VOC minɛn ka nafamafɛnw hakɛ jate bɛ kɛ 1,450 × 1015 cm–3 ye, o ka dɔgɔn ni kɔrɔsiliminɛn nafama hakɛ ye, n’o ye 1,795 × 1015 cm–3 ye.
Minɛn min ma pake, o sɛgɛsɛgɛra fanga hakɛ maksimali (MPP) la tile yeelen dafalen na azote kɔrɔ walasa k’a baarakɛcogo sabatili kuntaalajan sɛgɛsɛgɛ (Jaa 5a). Lɛrɛ 550 tɛmɛnen kɔ, LOS minɛn in tun bɛ a ka baarakɛcogo ɲuman 92% mara hali bi, k’a sɔrɔ kunnafonisɛbɛn in ka baarakɛcogo tun jigira ka se 60% ma a ka baarakɛcogo fɔlɔ la. Fɛn minnu bɛ minɛn kɔrɔ kɔnɔ, olu tilatilali suman na ni ion mass spectrometry secondaire (ToF-SIMS) ye (Ja 5b, c). Iyode dalajɛlenba bɛ se ka ye sanfɛ sanu kɔlɔsili yɔrɔ la. Gazi min tɛ baara kɛ, o lakanani cogoyaw bɛ sigida tiɲɛnifɛnw bɔ kɛnɛ kan i n’a fɔ ji ni oksizɛni, o b’a jira ko kɔnɔna fɛɛrɛw (o kɔrɔ ye ko ionw ka jiginni) de bɛ o sababu kɛ. ToF-SIMS jaabiw fɛ, I- ni AuI2- ionw sɔrɔla Au elekitorode kɔnɔ, o b’a jira ko I jɛnsɛnna ka bɔ perovskite la ka don Au kɔnɔ. I- ni AuI2- ionw taamasiɲɛ fanga min bɛ kunnafonisɛbɛn kɔnɔ, o ka ca ni VOC ta ye siɲɛ 10 ɲɔgɔn. Laseli tɛmɛnenw y’a jira ko ionw doncogo bɛ se ka kɛ sababu ye ka spiro-OMeTAD ka dingɛ tacogo dɔgɔya joona ani ka sanfɛla elekitorode layini kemikɛli sɔgɔ, o bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka fɛnw cɛsira tiɲɛ minɛn kɔnɔ Au elekitorode bɔra ka spiro-OMeTAD layini saniya ka bɔ substrat la ni kulorobenzene jilama ye. O kɔfɛ, an ye filimu in cogoya jira ni grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) ye (Jaa 5d). Jateminɛw y’a jira ko kɔrɔsili filimu bɛ ni difraction peak jɛlen ye 11,8° la, k’a sɔrɔ diffraction peak kura si ma bɔ LOS sample kɔnɔ. Jateminɛw y’a jira ko I ionw bɔnɛba minnu bɛ sɔrɔ kɔrɔsili filimu kɔnɔ, olu bɛ na ni δ fasa bɔli ye, k’a sɔrɔ LOS filimu kɔnɔ o wale in bɛ bali ka jɛya.
Lɛrɛ 575 ka MPP nɔfɛtaama kɛ minɛn min ma datugu azote fiɲɛ na ani tile yeelen 1 ni UV filɛri tɛ. ToF-SIMS ka b I- ni c AuI2- ionw tilatilali LOS MPP kunnafonisɛbɛn kɔnɔ ani kɔrɔya minɛn kɔnɔ. Jɛman, wuluwulu ani oranjɛ ɲɛw bɛ bɛn Au, Spiro-OMeTAD ani perovskite ma. d GIXRD min bɛ perovskite filimu na MPP sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɔfɛ. Source data bɛ di source data files cogo la.
Furakɛcogo min bɛ tali kɛ funteni na, o suman walasa ka a jira ko PbC2O4 bɛ se ka ionw ka jiginni bali (Jaa faralen ɲɔgɔn kan 21). Iyɔnw ka jiginni fanga (Ea) bɛ dɔn ni FAPbI3 filimu ka fɛnɲɛnamafagalan (σ) yeli ye funteni danfaralenw na (T) ani ka baara kɛ ni Nernst-Einstein ka jɛɲɔgɔnya ye: σT = σ0exp(−Ea/kBT), yɔrɔ min na σ0 ye fɛn basigilen ye, kB ye Boltzmann ka fɛn caman sɛgɛsɛgɛli ye. An bɛ Ea nafa sɔrɔ ln(σT) jiginni na ni 1/T ye, o ye 0,283 eV ye kɔrɔsilikɛla la ani 0,419 eV ye LOS minɛn na.
Kuma surun na, an bɛ hakilinata-jɛkulu dɔ di walasa ka FAPbI3 perovskite tiɲɛni sira dɔn ani nafamafɛn suguya caman nɔ min bɛ α-δ fasa jiginni fanga barika la. O nafamafɛnw cɛma, VI nafamafɛnw bɛ fɔ ka ɲɛ teori la ko u bɛ se ka kɛ sababu ye ka fasa jiginni nɔgɔya ka bɔ α la ka taa δ la. PbC2O4 sɔgɔlen min tɛ ji la ani min sabatilen don kemikaliya siratigɛ la, o bɛ don walasa ka FAPbI3 α-fasa sabati ni I yɔrɔ lakolonw sɔrɔli ni I ionw jiginni bali. O fɛɛrɛ in bɛ dɔ bɔ kosɛbɛ ɲɔgɔndan na min tɛ kɛnɛyako ye, ka dɔ fara tile selilɛriw ka baarakɛcogo ɲuman kan ka se 25,39% ma, ka baarakɛcogo sabatili ɲɛ. An ka jaabiw bɛ bilasirali di walasa ka foromamidini PSCw sɔrɔ minnu bɛ baara kɛ ka ɲɛ ani minnu sabatilen don, n’u ye α ka taa δ fasa jiginni bali min bɛ sɔrɔ fiɲɛ fɛ.
Titaniyɔmu(IV) isoporokisidi (TTIP, 99,999%) sanna Sigma-Aldrich fɛ. Asidi klorokini (HCl, 35,0–37,0%) ani etanɔli (ji tɛ min na) sanna Guangzhou Chemical Industry fɛ. SnO2 (15 wt% tin(IV) oxide colloidal dispersion) sanna Alfa Aesar fɛ. Plɔmu(II) iyodi (PbI2, 99,99%) sanna TCI Shanghai fɛ (Sina). Foromamidini iyodi (FAI, ≥99,5%), foromamidini kuloridi (FACl, ≥99,5%), metilamini hidrokloridi (MACl, ≥99,5%), 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis-(N , N-di-p) )-metoksianilini)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD, ≥99,5%), litiyamu bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonylimide (Li-TFSI, 99,95%), 4-tert -butylpyridine (tBP, 96%) sanna Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Company fɛ (Sina). N,N-dimetilformamidi (DMF, 99,8%), dimetil sulfokisidi (DMSO, 99,9%), isoporopili alikɔli (IPA, 99,8%), kulorobɛnzɛni (CB, 99,8%), asetonitirili (ACN). A sanna Sigma-Aldrich fɛ. Asidi ɔkisiliki (H2C2O4, 99,9%) sanna Macklin fɛ. Kemikɛlifɛnw bɛɛ kɛra i n’a fɔ u sɔrɔla cogo min na k’a sɔrɔ fɛn wɛrɛ ma Changé.
ITO walima FTO substrates (1,5 × 1,5 cm2) saniyalen don ni ultrasonic ye ni safinɛ, asetɔni ani etanɔli ye miniti 10 kɔnɔ, o kɔfɛ, u jara azote jibɔyɔrɔ jukɔrɔ. TiO2 barikalan belebele dɔ bilala FTO substrat kan ni titanium diisopropoxybis(acetylacetonate) jilama ye etanɔli la (1/25, v/v) min bilala 500 °C la miniti 60 kɔnɔ. SnO2 kolosinsinnan jɛnsɛnni kɛra ji ye min ma ionize, a hakɛ hakɛ ye 1:5 ye. Suba sanuman kan min furakɛra ni UV ozone ye miniti 20 kɔnɔ, SnO2 nanoparticules finman dɔ bilala 4000 rpm la sekɔndi 30 kɔnɔ, ka sɔrɔ ka a sumaya 150 °C la miniti 30 kɔnɔ. Perovskite ɲɛbila jilama kama, FAI miligaramu 275,2, PbI2 miligaramu 737,6 ani FACl (20 mol%) bɛ wuli DMF/DMSO (15/1) furakisɛ ɲagaminen na. Perovskite layini labɛnna ni perovskite ɲɛbilaji 40 μL kɛli ye SnO2 sɔgɔlen sanfɛ min furakɛra ni UV-ozone ye ni 5000 ye miniti kɔnɔ fiɲɛ na fo s 25 kɔnɔ. Seginnkanni 5 siɲɛ laban kɔfɛ, MACl IPA jilama 50 μL (miligaramu 4/mL) bɛ jigin joona ka kɛ furaji kan i n’a fɔ furaji. O kɔfɛ, filimu minnu labɛnna kura ye, olu bɛ wuli 150°C la miniti 20 kɔnɔ, o kɔfɛ 100°C la miniti 10 kɔnɔ. Perovskite filimu nɛnɛnen kɔfɛ fo ka se so funteni ma, H2C2O4 jilama (miligaramu 1, 2, 4 min bɛ wuli mililitiri 1 IPA la) bɛ kɛ santirifugare la ni 4000 ye miniti kɔnɔ fo s 30 walasa ka perovskite sanfɛla kɛ pasisi ye. Spiro-OMeTAD jilama min labɛnna ni spiro-OMeTAD miligaramu 72,3, CB mililitiri 1, tBP 27 μl ani Li-TFSI mililitiri 17,5 (mililigaramu 520 asetonitirili mililitiri 1 kɔnɔ) ɲagaminen ye filimu kan ni 4000 ye miniti kɔnɔ s 30 kɔnɔ. A laban na, Au lamini min janya ye 100 nm ye, o kɛra bɔgɔlan ye ni 0,05 nm/s (0~1 nm), 0,1 nm/s (2~15 nm) ani 0,5 nm/s (16~100 nm) ye . ).
Perovskite tilebɔlanw ka SC baarakɛcogo suman ni Keithley mɛtɛrɛ 2400 ye tile simulator yeelen (SS-X50) jukɔrɔ ni yeelen fanga ye 100 mW/cm2 ye, ka sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛ ni siliyɔmu tile selilɛriw ye minnu kalifara. Fo ni a fɔra cogo wɛrɛ la, SP kurulenw suman na ganbɔlan kɔnɔ min falen bɛ azote la so funteni na (~25°C) ɲɛfɛla ni kɔfɛla sɛgɛsɛgɛli cogoyaw la (voltage step 20 mV, delay time 10 ms). Sumanikɛlan dɔ kɛra ka yɔrɔ nafama dɔ dɔn min ye santimɛtɛrɛ 0,067 ye PSC sumanlen na. EQE sumani kɛra fiɲɛ na ni PVE300-IVT210 sitɛmu ye (Industrial Vision Technology(s) Pte Ltd) ni yeelen kelen ye min sinsinnen bɛ minɛn kan. Walasa ka minɛnw sabati, tilebɔlanw sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛra azote glovebox kɔnɔ ni 100 mW/cm2 tansiyɔn ye ni UV filɛri tɛ. ToF-SIMS bɛ suman ni PHI nanoTOFII waati-taama SIMS ye. Dugukolo juguya jateminɛ kɛra ni 4 kV Ar ion marifa ye min janya ye 400×400 μm ye.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) sumani kɛra Thermo-VG Scientific system (ESCALAB 250) kan ni Al Kα monochromatized (XPS mode ta ye) ni tansiyɔn 5,0 × 10–7 Pa. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) kɛra JEOL-JSM-6330F sitɛmu kan. Perovskite filimuw sanfɛla cogoya n’u gɛlɛya jateminɛna ni atomi fanga mikroskɔpi (AFM) ye (Bruker Dimension FastScan). STEM ni HAADF-STEM bɛ kɛ FEI Titan Themis STEM la. UV–Vis minɛcogo spekterw suman ni UV-3600Plus (Shimadzu Corporation) ye. Space charge limiting current (SCLC) sɛbɛnna Keithley mɛtɛrɛ 2400 kan. Fɛnɲɛnɛmafagalan (PL) min bɛ kɛ cogo basigilen na (PL) ani fototalan min bɛ ɲɛnabɔ waati kɔnɔ (TRPL) min bɛ tali kɛ fɛn tabaga ka ɲɛnamaya kɔnɔna na, o suman ni FLS 1000 fototalan spektromɛtiri ye. PL kariti jaw suman ni Horiba LabRam Raman sitɛmu HR Evolution ye. Fourier transform infrarouge spectroscopie (FTIR) kɛra ni Thermo-Fisher Nicolet NXR 9650 sitɛmu ye.
Nin baara in na, an bɛ baara kɛ ni SSW sira tacogo ye walasa ka fasa jiginni sira kalan ka bɔ α-fasa la ka taa δ-fasa la. SSW fɛɛrɛ la, fanga seko ni dɔnko yɔrɔ lamagacogo bɛ latigɛ ni cogoya nɔgɔlen ye min bɛ kɛ k’a sɔrɔ a ma kɛ cogo si la (derivatif filanan), o min bɛ sira di fanga seko ni dɔnko yɔrɔ kalanni dafalen ni kuntilenna ma. Nin baara in na, siraw tacogo bɛ kɛ atomi 72 supercell kan, wa, a ka ca ni 100 ye, u bɛ lajɛ daminɛ/ban cogoya (IS/FS) fila-fila DFT hakɛ la. Ka da IS/FS ka kunnafonidilan fila-fila kan, sira min bɛ daminɛ-yɔrɔ ni laban-yɔrɔ cɛsiri, o bɛ Se ka Labɛn ni bɛnkan ye atomiw ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ, o kɔfɛ, sira fla-la-taama min bɛ Kɛ ‘yɔrɔ caman na, o bɛ Kɛ ka 'tɛmɛsira cogoya fɛɛrɛ Sɔrɔ ka ɲɛ. (VK-DESV) ye baara kɛ. Tɛmɛsira cogoya ɲinini kɔfɛ, sira min barika ka dɔgɔn, o bɛ se ka dɔn ni fanga barikalanw sigiyɔrɔmali ye.
DFT jatebɔ bɛɛ kɛra ni VASP (version 5.3.5) ye, yɔrɔ min na C, N, H, Pb ani I atomuw ka ɛlektrɔni ni ion jɛɲɔgɔnyaw jiralen don ni projected amplified wave (PAW) scheme ye. Exchange correlation baarakɛcogo ɲɛfɔlen don ni generalisé gradient approximation ye Perdue-Burke-Ernzerhoff parametrization kɔnɔ. Fanga dan min bɛ plan (plan) jikuruw la, o tun sigilen bɛ 400 eV kan. Monkhorst–Pack k-point grid bonya ye (2 × 2 × 1) ye. Jateminɛ bɛɛ la, lati ni atomi jɔyɔrɔw tun bɛ ɲɛ kosɛbɛ fo ka se degun hakɛ maksimali ma 0,1 GPa duguma ani fanga hakɛ cayalenba tun bɛ 0,02 eV/Å duguma. Surface model kɔnɔ, FAPbI3 sanfɛla bɛ ni layini 4 ye, duguma-dakun bɛ ni atomi jɔlenw ye minnu bɛ FAPbI3 farikolo ladege, ani sanfɛla saba bɛ se ka lamaga hɔrɔnya la optimisation (ɲɛnabɔli) kɛcogo la. PbC2O4 layini janya ye 1 ML ye, wa a bɛ FAPbI3 I-terminal surface kan, Pb sirilen bɛ 1 I ni 4 O la yɔrɔ min na.
Walasa ka kunnafoni wɛrɛw sɔrɔ kalan kɛcogo kan, aw ye Natural Portfolio Report Abstract lajɛ min bɛ tali kɛ nin barokun na.
Kunnafoni minnu sɔrɔla walima minnu sɛgɛsɛgɛra nin kalan in senfɛ, olu bɛɛ bɛ sɔrɔ barokun bɔlen kɔnɔ, ka fara kunnafoni dɛmɛnanw ni kunnafonidilan raw filew kan. Kunnafoni raw minnu jirala nin kalan in kɔnɔ, olu bɛ sɔrɔ https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.2410016440. Soso kunnafoniw bɛ di nin barokun in kama.
Green, M. ani a ɲɔgɔnnaw. Tile selilɛriw ka baarakɛcogo ɲuman taabolow (57nan bɔko). porogaramu kɔnɔ. fotoelektriki ye. nafolomafɛn. waleyali. 29, 3–15 (2021) kɔnɔ.
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Zhao Y. ni a ɲɔgɔnnaw. Inactive (PbI2)2RbCl bɛ perovskite filimuw sabati tile selilɛriw kama minnu bɛ baara kɛ kosɛbɛ. Dɔnniya 377, 531-534 (2022).
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Han, K. ani a ɲɔgɔnnaw. Foromamidini kristali kelen iyodi plɔmu (FAPbI3): hakilinaw bɛ sɔrɔ jɔcogo, ɲɛnayeli ani kuran cogoyaw kan. sɛmɛntiyalan. Mat. 28, 2253–2258 (2016) Kalanjɛ ni sɛbɛnni: kalanjɛ ni sɛbɛnni gafew.
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Aw, JJ, ani a ɲɔgɔnnaw. Perovskite tile selilɛriw nafama ka tɛmɛn tabaga ɲɛnabɔli ɲɛnabɔli fɛ. Sigida 590, 587-593 (2021) Kalanjɛ ni sɛbɛnni: kalanjɛ ni sɛbɛnni gafew.
Saliba M. ni a ɲɔgɔnnaw. Rubidiyɔmu katiyɔnw donli perovskite tile selilɛriw kɔnɔ, o bɛ fototalan baarakɛcogo ɲɛ. Dɔnniya 354, 206–209 (2016).
Saliba M. ni a ɲɔgɔnnaw. Perovskite seziyɔmu tile selilɛri minnu bɛ ni katiyɔn saba ye: u sabatili, u bɛ se ka segin u cogo kɔrɔ la ani u ka baarakɛcogo ɲuman. fanga sigida. dɔnniya ye. 9, san 1989–1997 (2016 sànw).
Cui X. ni a ɲɔgɔnnaw. Kɔsa in na, ɲɛtaa minnu kɛra FAPbI3 fasa sabatili la perovskite tile selilɛriw kɔnɔ minnu bɛ baara kɛ kosɛbɛ Sol. RRL 6, san 2200497 (2022) kɔnɔ.
Delagetta S. ni a ɲɔgɔnnaw. Halide organique-inorganique perovskites ɲagaminenw ka fasa farali rationalisé fotoinduite fɛ. Nat. kumaɲɔgɔnya. 8, san 200 (2017 sàn).
Slotcavage, D. J. ani a ɲɔgɔnnaw. Yeelen bɛ fasa faranfasi halide perovskite absorbers kɔnɔ. AKS Enerji ka kunnafoniko. 1, 1199–1205 (2016) kɔnɔ.
Chen, L. ani a ɲɔgɔnnaw. Fasa sabatili kɔnɔna na ani foromamidini plɔmu triyodidi perovskite kristalɛ kelen ka bandi kɔnɔna na. Anjiva ye. Kimikɛ. diɲɛnatigɛko. Ed. 61. e202212700 (2022) kɔnɔ.
Duinsti, EA wdfl Aw ye metilɛnidiyamoniyɔmu tiɲɛni faamuya ani a jɔyɔrɔ min bɛ plɔmu triyodidi foromamidini fasa sabatili la. J. Chem ye baara kɛ. Bitch ye. 18, 10275–10284 (2023) Kalanjɛ ni sɛbɛnni: kalanjɛ ni sɛbɛnni gafew.
Lu, HZ ani a ɲɔgɔnnaw. Perovskite nɛrɛma tile selilɛriw FAPbI3 ka lafiɲɛbɔcogo ɲuman ni sabatilen. Dɔnniya 370, 74 (2020).
Doherty, TAS wdfl halide octahedral perovskites stable tiltées bɛ fasaw sigili sigida la ni jogo danmadɔw ye. Dɔnniya 374, san 1598–1605 (2021).
Ho, K. ani a ɲɔgɔnnaw. Foromamidini kisɛw ni seziyɔmu ni plɔmu iyodi perovskite jiginni ni u tiɲɛni fɛɛrɛw ji ni yeelen fanga kɔrɔ. AKS Enerji ka kunnafoniko. 6, 934–940 (2021) gafew kɔnɔ.
Zheng J. ni a ɲɔgɔnnaw. Pseudohalide aniyonw yiriwali α-FAPbI3 perovskite tile selilɛriw kama. Sigida 592, 381-385 (2021) Kalanjɛ ni sɛbɛnni: kalanjɛ ni sɛbɛnni gafew.